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Can Aging Societies Remain Cautious About Immigration?

Day 2: Is Japan Becoming an Immigration Country Without Saying So?

高齢化社会は移民に慎重なままでいられるか ― 第2日:日本は移民国家になりつつあるのか

Diverse workers in a Japanese city suggesting growing foreign resident communities

Japan is often described as a country with very little immigration. Yet the number of foreign residents has grown rapidly. By the end of 2025, it had more than doubled from its 2012 level, reaching approximately 4.13 million. Foreign residents accounted for about 3.3 percent of Japan’s total population. This is still a small share compared with many Western countries, but the change has become increasingly visible in workplaces and communities across Japan.

日本はしばしば移民が非常に少ない国だと言われます。しかし、外国人在留者の数は急速に増えています。2025年末までに、2012年水準の2倍以上となり、およそ413万人に達しました。外国人在留者は日本の総人口の約3.3パーセントを占めています。これは多くの欧米諸国と比べれば依然として小さい割合ですが、その変化は日本全国の職場や地域でますます目立つようになっています。

It is important to distinguish among the different groups included in this discussion. Foreign residents may be permanent residents, workers, students, spouses, or children. Tourists are not residents, while asylum seekers and people who overstay their visas are separate groups governed by different rules. Using the single word “foreigners” for all of them can make public debate confusing and sometimes misleading.

この議論に含まれるさまざまなグループを区別することが重要です。外国人在留者は、永住者、労働者、学生、配偶者、子どもなどの立場にありえます。観光客は住民ではなく、亡命申請者やビザを超過して滞在する人々は、異なるルールで管理される別のグループです。これらすべてを「外国人」という一つの言葉で呼ぶと、公共の議論が分かりにくくなり、時には誤解を招くことがあります。

Japan increasingly relies on foreign workers in industries facing serious staff shortages. They work in nursing care, food services, construction, agriculture, manufacturing, hotels, and transportation. In 2019, Japan introduced the Specified Skilled Worker system for sectors that could not recruit enough people domestically. By 2024, the system covered 16 fields. Some workers can stay for up to five years, while those with higher-level skills may renew their status indefinitely and bring family members.

日本は、深刻な人手不足に直面している産業で、外国人労働者への依存をますます強めています。彼らは介護、飲食、建設、農業、製造、ホテル、運輸などで働いています。2019年に日本は、国内で十分な人材を確保できなかった分野向けに、特定技能制度を導入しました。2024年までに、この制度は16分野を対象としていました。一部の労働者は最長5年まで滞在できますが、より高度な技能を持つ者は、在留資格を無期限に更新し、家族を帯同できる場合があります。

However, Japan does not have one simple route called “immigration.” People enter through different residence categories with different purposes and conditions. Some international students later find employment, while highly skilled professionals may receive faster access to permanent residence. Most other applicants must usually live in Japan for ten years before they qualify. The government has therefore expanded opportunities for foreign workers without clearly presenting these separate programs as one long-term immigration policy.

しかし、日本には「移民」という一つのシンプルな経路はありません。人々は、目的と条件の異なるさまざまな在留資格を通じて入国します。一部の留学生は後に就職し、高度な専門人材は永住権へのより早い道を与えられるかもしれません。それ以外のほとんどの申請者は、資格を得るまで通常10年間日本に住まなければなりません。そのため政府は、これらの個別の制度を一つの長期的な移民政策として明確に示すことなく、外国人労働者の機会を拡大してきました。

At the same time, some requirements have been tightened. One example is the Business Manager residence status. Previously, applicants could generally meet its financial condition with five million yen in capital or by employing two full-time workers. The revised rules raised the capital requirement to 30 million yen and added stricter conditions. This was a major change to one particular route for foreign entrepreneurs, but it did not close Japan to all foreign residents.

同時に、いくつかの要件は厳しくなっています。一例は、経営・管理の在留資格です。以前は、申請者は一般に500万円の資本金、または常勤雇用者2人を雇うことで、その財務条件を満たすことができました。改正後の規則は、資本金要件を3000万円に引き上げ、より厳しい条件を追加しました。これは外国人起業家向けの一つの経路に対する大きな変更でしたが、すべての外国人在留者に対して日本の門を閉じたわけではありません。

The government has also emphasized that foreign residents must comply with rules concerning visas, taxes, social insurance, and other obligations. Applying the law fairly is a legitimate government responsibility. However, reports of individual violations should not be used to generalize about millions of people. A debate about better enforcement is different from claiming, without sufficient evidence, that foreign residents as a group are more likely to misuse public systems.

政府はまた、外国人在留者はビザ、税金、社会保険、その他の義務に関するルールを守らなければならないと強調しています。法律を公正に適用することは、政府の正当な責任です。しかし、個別の違反の報道をもとに、数百万人全体について一般化してはなりません。より良い執行についての議論は、十分な証拠なく、外国人在留者というグループ全体が公共の制度を不正利用しやすいと主張することとは異なります。

Japan must also consider what happens after people arrive. Workers who stay for many years need language education, housing, schools for their children, access to information, and protection from unfair employment practices. Local communities may need help understanding unfamiliar cultures and religious customs. Foreign residents also have a responsibility to learn local rules and communicate with their neighbors. Successful societies do not simply admit workers; they help people integrate into everyday life.

日本は、人々が到着したあとに何が起きるかも考えなければなりません。長年滞在する労働者には、語学教育、住宅、子どもの学校、アクセスできる情報、そして不当な雇用慣行からの保護が必要です。地域社会は、馴染みのない文化や宗教的習慣を理解する助けを必要とするかもしれません。外国人在留者にも、地域のルールを学び、近所の人々とコミュニケーションをとる責任があります。成功する社会は単に労働者を受け入れるだけではなく、人々が日常生活に統合されるよう助けます。

Japan is therefore already accepting immigration in practice, even if its policies do not always use that label. The unresolved question is what kind of future the country is offering. Are foreign residents temporary workers expected to leave when their jobs end, or can they become permanent members of Japanese society? Japan may be able to postpone that decision, but it cannot avoid it while the number of foreign residents continues to rise.

したがって日本は、政策が必ずしもその呼び方を使わなくても、実際にはすでに移民を受け入れています。未解決の問いは、この国がどのような未来を提供しているかです。外国人在留者は仕事が終われば去るべき一時的な労働者なのでしょうか、それとも日本社会の恒久的な一員になれるのでしょうか。日本はその決定を先延ばしにできるかもしれませんが、外国人在留者の数が増え続ける限り、それを避けることはできません。

Vocabulary

  1. double — to become or make something twice as large in number, amount, or size. Example: The number of international students doubled within ten years.
  2. account for — to form or make up a particular part or percentage of a total. Example: Foreign workers account for a growing share of employees in the industry.
  3. distinguish — to recognize or explain the difference between two or more things. Example: The law must distinguish between temporary visitors and long-term residents.
  4. rely on — to need or depend on someone or something for help or support. Example: Many hospitals rely on foreign nurses to provide essential care.
  5. qualify — to satisfy the necessary conditions for receiving or doing something. Example: Applicants must have sufficient work experience to qualify for the visa.
  6. tighten — to make a rule, law, or system stricter. Example: The government decided to tighten the requirements for opening a business.
  7. comply with — to act according to a law, rule, request, or requirement. Example: All employers must comply with national labor laws.
  8. generalize — to make a broad statement based on only a small number of examples. Example: It is unfair to generalize about an entire community from one incident.
  9. integrate — to become or help someone become an accepted and participating part of a group or society. Example: Language classes can help new residents integrate into the local community.

Comprehension Questions

  1. What happened to Japan’s foreign resident population between 2012 and the end of 2025?
    1. It fell by approximately half.
    2. It remained almost unchanged.
    3. It more than doubled.
    4. It became a majority of the population.

    2012年から2025年末までに、日本の外国人在留者人口はどうなりましたか?

  2. Why does the article distinguish among workers, students, tourists, and asylum seekers?
    1. They are all governed by exactly the same rules.
    2. They have different legal positions and reasons for being in Japan.
    3. Only tourists are permitted to work in Japan.
    4. Japan includes all tourists in its foreign resident statistics.

    記事はなぜ労働者、学生、観光客、亡命申請者を区別するのですか?

  3. What is one feature of the Specified Skilled Worker system?
    1. It applies only to university professors.
    2. It was created for sectors experiencing worker shortages.
    3. Every worker must leave Japan after one year.
    4. It immediately gives all participants Japanese citizenship.

    特定技能制度の特徴の一つは何ですか?

  4. What does the Business Manager example demonstrate?
    1. Japan has ended every route for foreign entrepreneurs.
    2. Japan has abolished its capital requirements.
    3. Japan has tightened the conditions for one particular residence status.
    4. Foreign companies are no longer allowed to operate in Japan.

    経営・管理の在留資格の例は何を示していますか?

  5. What does the article identify as Japan’s unresolved question?
    1. Whether tourists should be included in the national population
    2. Whether foreign residents are temporary workers or potential permanent members of society
    3. Whether Japan should close every international airport
    4. Whether all foreign workers should receive the same job

    記事は日本の未解決の問いとして何を挙げていますか?

Discussion Questions

  1. Is Japan already an immigration country?

    日本はすでに移民国家なのでしょうか?

  2. Should foreign workers be offered a clear route to permanent residence?

    外国人労働者には永住権への明確な道筋を提供すべきでしょうか?

  3. Is it reasonable for Japan to tighten some visa requirements while accepting more foreign workers?

    より多くの外国人労働者を受け入れながら、一部のビザ要件を厳しくすることは合理的でしょうか?

  4. How should the government respond when individual foreign residents break the rules?

    個々の外国人在留者がルールを破ったとき、政府はどう対応すべきでしょうか?

  5. What responsibilities do Japan and foreign residents have toward each other?

    日本と外国人在留者は互いにどのような責任を持っているのでしょうか?

Speaking Practice

Speak for about one minute about whether Japan is becoming an immigration country.

日本が移民国家になりつつあるかどうかについて、約1分間話してください。

Include:

  • how the foreign resident population has changed

    外国人在留者人口がどのように変化したか

  • why Japan relies on foreign workers

    日本が外国人労働者に頼る理由

  • one example of a visa or residence route

    ビザまたは在留資格の経路の例一つ

  • what Japan must decide about long-term residents

    長期滞在者について日本が決めなければならないこと