← News Topics

Bonds: From a Simple Promise to a Powerful Market

Day 2: How Can a Safe Bond Suddenly Lose Value?

債券:単純な約束から大きな力を持つ市場へ ― 第2日:安全な債券が突然価値を失うことがあるのはなぜか

A small brass seesaw on a desk with a rolled bond certificate sinking on one side and a stack of gold coins rising on the other, with a rising chart and city skyline behind

Imagine that you buy a bond for $1,000. It pays you $40 every year, and the borrower promises to return your money in ten years. The next morning, there is no crisis and no bad news. Yet the price of your bond begins to fall. How can it lose value when the borrower has done nothing wrong?

1,000ドルで債券を買ったと想像してください。その債券は毎年40ドルを支払い、借り手は10年後にお金を返すと約束しています。翌朝、危機も悪いニュースもありません。それなのに、あなたの債券の価格が下がり始めます。借り手が何も悪いことをしていないのに、どうして価値を失うのでしょうか?

The answer is that your bond must compete with other investments. Its annual $40 payment is called a coupon. Now suppose market interest rates rise and a newly issued bond pays $60 a year. Few investors will pay $1,000 for your older bond when they can receive more from a new one. To attract a buyer, you must sell your bond at a discount. Its price falls until its return becomes competitive again.

その答えは、あなたの債券がほかの投資先と競争しなければならないということです。毎年の40ドルの支払いは、クーポン(利札)と呼ばれます。ここで、市場金利が上昇し、新しく発行された債券が年60ドルを支払うとしましょう。新しい債券からより多くを受け取れるなら、古い債券に1,000ドルを払う投資家はほとんどいません。買い手を引きつけるには、債券を額面より安く売らなければなりません。その収益率が再び競争力を持つ水準になるまで、価格は下がります。

This return is called the bond’s yield. The coupon stays at $40, but the yield changes with the price. This creates an important relationship: when a bond’s price falls, its yield rises; when its price rises, its yield falls. Nothing about the original promise has changed. What has changed is the value of that promise compared with today’s alternatives.

この収益率は、債券の利回りと呼ばれます。クーポンは40ドルのままですが、利回りは価格とともに変化します。ここから重要な関係が生まれます。債券の価格が下がると利回りは上がり、価格が上がると利回りは下がるのです。最初の約束は何も変わっていません。変わったのは、今日のほかの選択肢と比べたときの、その約束の価値なのです。

Inflation also matters. If prices rise rapidly, the $1,000 repaid in ten years will have less purchasing power. Investors may therefore demand higher yields. Central banks influence this process through the policy rate, but they do not control every interest rate directly. A long-term yield also reflects investors’ expectations about future inflation, economic growth, government borrowing, and central-bank decisions. Investors may demand a risk premium for accepting this uncertainty.

インフレも重要です。物価が急速に上がれば、10年後に返済される1,000ドルの購買力は小さくなります。そのため投資家は、より高い利回りを求めるかもしれません。中央銀行は政策金利を通じてこの過程に影響を与えますが、すべての金利を直接コントロールしているわけではありません。長期利回りには、将来のインフレ、経済成長、政府の借り入れ、中央銀行の決定に対する投資家の予想も反映されます。投資家は、こうした不確実性を受け入れる見返りとして、リスクプレミアムを求めることがあります。

Bond-market movements affect more than professional investors. Government-bond yields influence mortgages, business loans, and the cost of public debt. When yields rise, households may pay more to buy homes, companies may delay investment, and governments may face larger interest bills. A falling bond price does not always mean that the borrower is in trouble. It may simply mean that yesterday’s promise has become less attractive in today’s financial world.

債券市場の動きは、プロの投資家以外にも影響します。国債の利回りは、住宅ローン、企業向け融資、そして公的債務のコストに影響を与えます。利回りが上がると、家計は住宅を買うためにより多く支払うことになるかもしれず、企業は投資を先送りするかもしれず、政府はより多くの利払いに直面するかもしれません。債券の価格が下がったからといって、必ずしも借り手が困難に陥っているわけではありません。単に、昨日の約束が今日の金融の世界では魅力が薄れたということなのかもしれません。

Vocabulary

  1. coupon — the fixed interest payment made to a bondholder. Example: The bond pays an annual coupon of $40.
  2. newly issued — recently created and offered to investors. Example: Newly issued bonds may offer higher interest payments.
  3. discount — a price below the amount that will eventually be repaid. Example: The older bond was sold at a discount.
  4. yield — the return an investor expects to receive from a bond at its current price. Example: The bond’s yield rose when its price fell.
  5. purchasing power — the amount of goods and services that money can buy. Example: Inflation reduces the purchasing power of future payments.
  6. policy rate — a short-term interest rate used by a central bank to influence the economy. Example: The central bank raised its policy rate.
  7. long-term yield — the expected return on a bond that will be repaid many years later. Example: The ten-year government bond’s long-term yield increased.
  8. expectation — a belief about what is likely to happen in the future. Example: Inflation expectations affect bond prices.
  9. risk premium — additional return demanded by investors for accepting uncertainty. Example: Investors demanded a larger risk premium.

Comprehension Questions

  1. Why may an older bond lose value after market interest rates rise?
    1. Its annual payment is cancelled.
    2. Newly issued bonds offer more attractive returns.
    3. The borrower must repay it immediately.
    4. Its repayment value automatically disappears.

    市場金利が上がった後、古い債券が価値を失うことがあるのはなぜですか?

  2. What generally happens to a bond’s yield when its market price falls?
    1. It rises.
    2. It becomes zero.
    3. It remains unchanged.
    4. It becomes equal to inflation.

    債券の市場価格が下がると、一般にその利回りはどうなりますか?

  3. Why can inflation make a bond less attractive?
    1. It changes the bondholder into a shareholder.
    2. It prevents all future payments.
    3. It reduces the purchasing power of future money.
    4. It shortens the life of the bond.

    インフレによって債券の魅力が下がることがあるのはなぜですか?

  4. What can influence a long-term bond yield?
    1. Only the current policy rate
    2. Only the bond’s original price
    3. Expectations about inflation and future economic conditions
    4. The number of people employed by the borrower

    長期債の利回りに影響を与えうるものは何ですか?

  5. Why do bond-market movements matter to ordinary people?
    1. They can influence mortgages, business loans, and government finances.
    2. They determine the price of every product directly.
    3. They prevent governments from collecting taxes.
    4. They eliminate uncertainty from the economy.

    債券市場の動きが一般の人々にとって重要なのはなぜですか?

Discussion Questions

  1. Why might an investor sell a reliable bond even when the borrower is not in trouble?

    借り手が困難に陥っていないのに、投資家が信頼できる債券を売ることがあるのはなぜでしょうか?

  2. Which is more important to a bond investor: receiving the promised amount or protecting its purchasing power?

    債券投資家にとって、約束された金額を受け取ることと、その購買力を守ることのどちらがより重要ですか?

  3. Why do expectations about the future affect bond prices today?

    将来についての予想が、今日の債券価格に影響するのはなぜですか?

  4. How could rising government-bond yields affect ordinary households?

    国債の利回りの上昇は、一般の家計にどのような影響を与えうるでしょうか?

  5. Do you think bond markets can predict the economic future accurately? Why or why not?

    債券市場は経済の将来を正確に予測できると思いますか?なぜそう思いますか、またはなぜそう思いませんか?

Speaking Practice

Imagine that you bought a ten-year bond last year, but market interest rates have now risen.

昨年10年物の債券を買ったものの、今は市場金利が上がっていると想像してください。

Explain:

  • why your bond’s price may fall

    債券の価格が下がるかもしれない理由

  • why its coupon does not change

    クーポンが変わらない理由

  • how inflation may affect its real value

    インフレがその実質的な価値にどう影響しうるか

  • why the price change does not necessarily mean that the borrower is in trouble

    価格の変化が、必ずしも借り手が困難に陥っていることを意味しない理由