← News Topics

Why Are Chinese Consumers Holding Back?

Day 1

中国の消費者はなぜ支出を抑え続けているのか

Quiet shopping mall reflecting weak Chinese consumer demand

China remains one of the world’s largest and most powerful economies, but it is facing an unusual problem. Its factories continue to produce large amounts of goods, and exports remain strong, while domestic demand is much weaker. China’s economy grew by 4.3 percent in the second quarter of 2026, its slowest pace in more than three years. The economy is still growing, but households are not spending as confidently as policymakers would like.

中国はなお世界最大級で最も強力な経済の一つですが、異例の問題に直面しています。工場は大量の商品を生産し続け、輸出は強い一方で、国内需要ははるかに弱いのです。中国経済は2026年第2四半期に4.3パーセント成長し、3年以上で最も遅いペースでした。経済はなお成長していますが、家計は政策当局が望むほど自信をもって支出していません。

One important reason is the prolonged weakness of the property market. For many Chinese families, apartments and houses have traditionally been an important way to store and increase wealth. But the property slump has now continued for several years. Falling home prices can make families feel poorer even if their income has not changed. That uncertainty can weigh on spending, especially on expensive items such as cars, furniture, and appliances.

重要な理由の一つは、不動産市場の長期にわたる弱さです。多くの中国の家庭にとって、アパートや家は伝統的に富を蓄え増やす重要な手段でした。しかし不動産の低迷は今や数年続いています。住宅価格の下落は、収入が変わっていなくても家族をより貧しく感じさせることがあります。その不確実性は支出、特に車、家具、家電などの高額品への支出に重荷となりえます。

Employment is another concern. China’s youth unemployment rate improved in the first half of 2026, but many young people still face intense competition for desirable jobs. At the same time, parents may worry about whether their children will find stable employment after university. When families are uncertain about future income, they are more likely to save money instead of making large purchases.

雇用も別の懸念です。中国の若年失業率は2026年前半に改善しましたが、多くの若者はなお望ましい仕事をめぐる激しい競争に直面しています。同時に、親は子どもが大学卒業後に安定した雇用を見つけられるかを心配するかもしれません。家族が将来の収入に不確実だと感じるとき、大きな買い物をする代わりに貯蓄する可能性が高くなります。

Economists also point to precautionary saving. Chinese households tend to save a relatively large share of their income because they may need money for healthcare, education, retirement, or periods of unemployment. A stronger social safety net, economists argue, could make families feel more financially secure and therefore more willing to spend. The World Bank and IMF have both identified stronger social protection as an important part of encouraging consumption.

経済学者はまた、予防的貯蓄も指摘します。中国の家計は、医療、教育、退職、失業期間のために資金が必要になるかもしれないため、収入の比較的大きな割合を貯蓄する傾向があります。経済学者は、より強い社会的セーフティネットがあれば、家族はより経済的に安心し、したがって支出により積極的になるかもしれないと主張します。世界銀行とIMFはともに、より強い社会的保護を消費促進の重要な要素として挙げています。

After China ended its strict COVID-era restrictions, many economists expected a strong consumer rebound. In some countries, people spent heavily after the pandemic because they had delayed travel, shopping, and entertainment. China experienced some recovery, but the larger spending boom that many expected did not fully appear. Problems in housing, employment, and consumer confidence continued to influence household decisions.

中国が厳格なコロナ時代の制限を終えた後、多くの経済学者は強い消費者の回復を予想しました。一部の国では、旅行、買い物、娯楽を先延ばしにしていたため、パンデミック後に人々が大きく支出しました。中国もある程度の回復を経験しましたが、多くの人が予想したより大きな支出ブームは十分には現れませんでした。住宅、雇用、消費者信頼の問題が、家計の決定に影響し続けました。

There is also a deeper structural issue. Household consumption accounts for only about 40 percent of China’s GDP, according to World Bank data. That is unusually low for a major economy. For decades, China’s growth model has relied heavily on investment, infrastructure, manufacturing, and exports. This model helped create rapid economic growth, but it also meant that household spending played a smaller role than it does in many other economies.

より深い構造的な問題もあります。世界銀行のデータによると、家計消費は中国のGDPの約40パーセントにすぎません。主要経済としては異例に低い数字です。何十年ものあいだ、中国の成長モデルは投資、インフラ、製造、輸出に大きく依存してきました。このモデルは急速な経済成長を生み出す助けになりましたが、家計支出が他の多くの経済よりも小さな役割しか果たさないことも意味しました。

Beijing is now trying to change this. In July 2026, China introduced its first five-year plan devoted specifically to expanding consumption. The government wants retail sales to reach about 60 trillion yuan by 2030 and says it will support employment, services, consumer goods, and household purchasing power. However, some economists argue that short-term stimulus, such as subsidies or shopping incentives, may not be enough if families still feel insecure about housing, jobs, pensions, and healthcare.

北京は今、これを変えようとしています。2026年7月、中国は消費拡大に特化した初の5カ年計画を導入しました。政府は2030年までに小売売上高を約60兆元にすることを望み、雇用、サービス、消費財、家計の購買力を支援すると述べています。しかし一部の経済学者は、家族がなお住宅、仕事、年金、医療について不安を感じているなら、補助金や買い物インセンティブなどの短期刺激では十分でないかもしれないと主張します。

The larger challenge is therefore not simply persuading people to shop more. China may need to rebalance parts of its economy so that households feel confident enough to spend more of what they earn. That could require difficult reforms to social protection, housing, income distribution, and government spending. At the same time, China’s manufacturing and export sectors remain powerful, reducing the immediate pressure for dramatic change.

したがってより大きな課題は、単に人々にもっと買い物するよう説得することではありません。中国は、家計が稼いだもののより多くを支出する自信を持てるよう、経済の一部を再均衡させる必要があるかもしれません。それには、社会的保護、住宅、所得分配、政府支出についての難しい改革が必要になりえます。同時に、中国の製造と輸出部門はなお強力であり、劇的な変化への即時の圧力を弱めています。

Vocabulary

  1. domestic demand — Demand for goods and services from people and businesses within a country. Example: Weak domestic demand can make an economy more dependent on exports.
  2. prolonged — Continuing for a long time or longer than expected. Example: The company struggled after a prolonged period of weak sales.
  3. slump — A sudden or continuing decline in business activity, prices, or economic performance. Example: The housing slump caused construction companies to reduce investment.
  4. weigh on — To have a negative effect on something or make it more difficult to improve. Example: High interest rates may weigh on consumer spending.
  5. precautionary saving — Saving money because you are worried that you may need it for unexpected problems in the future. Example: Economic uncertainty often leads to more precautionary saving.
  6. social safety net — A system of government programs that provides financial or other support to people who need help. Example: A stronger social safety net can reduce people’s fear of losing their income.
  7. rebound — A recovery or increase after a period of decline or weakness. Example: Tourism experienced a strong rebound after travel restrictions ended.
  8. structural — Related to the basic way that an economy, organization, or system is organized. Example: The country faces structural problems that cannot be solved by one temporary policy.
  9. rebalance — To change the relative importance of different parts of a system so that it becomes more balanced. Example: The government wants to rebalance the economy toward domestic consumption.

Comprehension Questions

  1. What contrast does the article describe in China’s economy?
    1. Domestic spending is strong while exports are falling.
    2. Manufacturing and exports remain strong while domestic demand is weak.
    3. Both exports and domestic demand are rapidly collapsing.
    4. China has stopped depending on manufacturing.

    この記事は中国経済のどのような対比を述べていますか?

  2. Why can a weak property market reduce household spending?
    1. Families are required to buy more houses.
    2. Falling property values can make families feel less wealthy and more uncertain.
    3. Property prices directly determine food prices.
    4. People are no longer allowed to own apartments.

    弱い不動産市場が家計支出を減らしうるのはなぜですか?

  3. Why do some Chinese households engage in precautionary saving?
    1. They expect the government to ban shopping.
    2. They want to invest all their money overseas.
    3. They may need money for healthcare, education, retirement, or unemployment.
    4. Chinese banks do not allow consumer spending.

    一部の中国の家計が予防的貯蓄をするのはなぜですか?

  4. What structural feature of China’s economy does the article describe?
    1. Household consumption represents an unusually large share of GDP.
    2. China has traditionally relied heavily on manufacturing, investment, and exports.
    3. China has almost completely stopped investing in infrastructure.
    4. Services have always been the main source of economic growth.

    この記事は中国経済のどのような構造的特徴を述べていますか?

  5. Why might short-term subsidies alone fail to produce a lasting increase in consumption?
    1. Consumers may still feel insecure about jobs, housing, and future expenses.
    2. Subsidies always reduce household income.
    3. Chinese consumers are legally required to save them.
    4. Subsidies only apply to exported products.

    短期の補助金だけでは消費の持続的な増加を生み出せないかもしれないのはなぜですか?

Discussion Questions

  1. Why do you think financial uncertainty can change the way people spend money?

    経済的な不確実性が人々の支出の仕方を変えうるのはなぜだと思いますか?

  2. Which factor do you think has the greatest influence on consumer confidence: housing, employment, income, or social security? Why?

    消費者信頼に最も大きな影響を与える要因は、住宅、雇用、所得、社会保障のどれだと思いますか?それはなぜですか?

  3. What could a government do to encourage people to spend without simply giving them shopping vouchers?

    単に買い物券を配る以外に、政府は人々の支出を促すために何ができるでしょうか?

  4. Do you think a country can depend heavily on exports for a long period of time? What problems might eventually appear?

    国は長いあいだ輸出に大きく依存できると思いますか?最終的にどのような問題が現れるでしょうか?

  5. Japan also has an aging population and concerns about consumer spending. What similarities or differences do you see between Japan and China?

    日本も高齢化と消費者支出への懸念があります。日本と中国のあいだにどのような類似点や違いが見えますか?

Speaking Task

What Makes People Feel Confident Enough to Spend?

Speak for about one minute.

人々が支出できるほど自信を感じるのは何ですか?約1分間話してください。

You may talk about:

  • stable employment

    安定した雇用

  • housing and personal wealth

    住宅と個人の富

  • pensions and healthcare

    年金と医療

  • confidence about the future

    将来への自信

  • the role of government policy

    政府政策の役割