← News Topics

China’s Economy: Growth, Consumption, and What Comes Next

Day 3: Does an Economy Always Need More Consumption?

中国経済:成長、消費、そして次に来るもの ― 第3日:経済はいつもより多くの消費を必要とするのか

Repaired and reused everyday objects suggesting a circular economy and less material waste

In the first two days of this series, we saw why many economists want Chinese households to spend more. China has depended heavily on investment, manufacturing, and exports, while household consumption has played a smaller role than in many other large economies. Stronger household incomes and social protection could reduce the need for precautionary saving and give families a larger share of the benefits of economic growth. (ワールドバンク)

このシリーズの最初の2日間で、多くの経済学者が中国の家計により多く支出してほしいと考える理由を見ました。中国は投資、製造、輸出に大きく依存してきた一方で、家計消費は他の多くの大きな経済よりも小さな役割を果たしてきました。より強い家計所得と社会保護は、予備的貯蓄の必要性を減らし、経済成長の利益のより大きな分を家族に与えうるでしょう。(ワールドバンク

But “more consumption” can sound like a strange goal. Does a healthy economy really require people to keep buying more clothes, cars, phones, furniture, and other physical products forever? Not necessarily. Economists count spending on services such as healthcare, travel, education, entertainment, and childcare as consumption too. An economy can therefore increase consumer spending without increasing material consumption at the same rate.

しかし「より多くの消費」は奇妙な目標のように聞こえることがあります。健全な経済は、人々が服、車、電話、家具、その他の物理的製品を永遠により多く買い続けることを本当に必要とするのでしょうか。必ずしもそうではありません。経済学者は、医療、旅行、教育、娯楽、保育などのサービスへの支出も消費として数えます。したがって経済は、物的消費を同じ速度で増やさずに、消費者支出を増やせます。

There is still a larger question. Economic growth usually means that the total value of goods and services produced increases. For much of modern history, this has helped raise incomes, reduce poverty, improve healthcare, and create jobs. Developing countries in particular may still need substantial economic growth to improve living standards. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals themselves combine economic development with goals for social welfare and environmental protection. (国連)

それでも、より大きな問いがあります。経済成長は通常、生産される財とサービスの総価値が増えることを意味します。近代史の多くにおいて、これは所得を上げ、貧困を減らし、医療を改善し、雇用を生む助けとなってきました。特に途上国は、生活水準を改善するためになお相当な経済成長を必要とするかもしれません。国連の持続可能な開発目標自体が、経済発展を社会福祉と環境保護の目標と組み合わせています。(国連

At the same time, producing and consuming physical goods requires energy and natural resources and can generate pollution and waste. One response is the circular economy. Instead of constantly extracting resources, producing goods, using them briefly, and throwing them away, a circular system tries to keep products and materials in use through repair, reuse, recycling, and better design. This can reduce the environmental impact of resource-intensive economic activity without requiring people to stop economic activity altogether. (UNEP - UN Environment Programme)

同時に、物理的な財を生産し消費するにはエネルギーと天然資源が必要で、汚染と廃棄物を生み出すことがあります。一つの対応が循環経済です。絶えず資源を採掘し、財を生産し、短期間使い、捨てる代わりに、循環システムは修理、再利用、リサイクル、より良い設計を通じて製品と材料を使い続けようとします。これは、人々に経済活動を完全に止めさせることなく、資源集約的な経済活動の環境影響を減らせます。(UNEP - UN Environment Programme

Another approach is often called green growth. Supporters argue that economies can continue growing while becoming cleaner and more efficient. Renewable energy, new technology, better public transport, more efficient buildings, and a shift toward services could help decouple economic growth from resource use and environmental damage. OECD and UN research treats such decoupling as an important policy goal, although reducing environmental pressure while total economic activity keeps growing remains a major challenge. (UNEP - UN Environment Programme)

もう一つのアプローチは、しばしばグリーン成長と呼ばれます。支持者は、経済はよりクリーンで効率的になりながら成長を続けられると主張します。再生可能エネルギー、新技術、より良い公共交通、より効率的な建物、サービスへの移行は、経済成長を資源利用と環境破壊から切り離す助けになりえます。OECDと国連の研究は、そうしたデカップリングを重要な政策目標として扱いますが、総経済活動が成長し続けるなかで環境圧力を減らすことは、なお大きな課題です。(UNEP - UN Environment Programme

Other economists question whether this will be enough. Ecological economics emphasizes that the economy exists inside a natural system with physical limits. Related post-growth approaches ask whether wealthy societies should continue treating higher GDP as a central goal. The more controversial idea of degrowth goes further, proposing a planned reduction of some forms of production and consumption—particularly activities with high environmental costs—while trying to protect basic needs, equality, and quality of life. Degrowth is therefore not simply another word for an unexpected recession. It is a debated proposal for deliberately reorganizing economic activity. (サイエンスダイレクト)

他の経済学者は、これで十分かどうかを疑問視します。生態経済学は、経済が物理的限界のある自然システムの内部に存在することを強調します。関連するポスト成長のアプローチは、豊かな社会がより高いGDPを中心的な目標として扱い続けるべきかを問います。より議論を呼ぶ脱成長の考えはさらに進み、基本的ニーズ、平等、生活の質を守ろうとしながら、生産と消費の一部の形態—特に環境コストの高い活動—の計画的な削減を提案します。したがって脱成長は、予期せぬ不況の別の言い方ではありません。それは経済活動を意図的に再編成するための議論のある提案です。(サイエンスダイレクト

Critics see serious trade-offs in such ideas. Modern economies depend on income growth to support jobs, pensions, public services, investment, and government finances. A shrinking economy could make those systems harder to maintain, especially if the change were poorly managed. There is also a major difference between a wealthy society where most basic needs are already met and a lower-income country that still needs more housing, electricity, healthcare, and infrastructure. Researchers continue to debate whether prosperity can be maintained without long-term GDP growth and how such a transition would work in practice. (サイエンスダイレクト)

批判者は、そうした考えに深刻なトレードオフを見ます。近代経済は、雇用、年金、公共サービス、投資、政府財政を支えるために所得成長に依存しています。縮小する経済は、特に変化がうまく管理されない場合、それらの制度を維持しにくくしえます。また、ほとんどの基本的ニーズがすでに満たされている豊かな社会と、なおより多くの住宅、電力、医療、インフラを必要とする低所得国のあいだには大きな違いがあります。研究者は、長期のGDP成長なしに繁栄を維持できるか、そしてそうした移行が実際にどう機能するかについて議論を続けています。(サイエンスダイレクト

This brings us back to China. Saying that Chinese households should play a larger role in the economy does not have to mean that every family should simply buy more physical goods. The deeper questions are how income is distributed, how secure people feel, what kinds of goods and services they consume, how long products last, and how efficiently resources are used. Perhaps the choice is not simply between “more consumption” and “less consumption.” It is also about what kind of economic activity we want to grow—and what we may no longer need to grow.

これが私たちを中国に連れ戻します。中国の家計が経済でより大きな役割を果たすべきだと言うことは、すべての家族が単により多くの物理的な財を買うべきだという意味である必要はありません。より深い問いは、所得がどう分配されるか、人々がどれほど安心を感じるか、どんな種類の財とサービスを消費するか、製品がどれだけ長く持つか、資源がどれほど効率的に使われるかです。おそらく選択は、単に「より多くの消費」と「より少ない消費」のあいだではありません。それはまた、どんな種類の経済活動を成長させたいか—そしてもう成長させる必要がないかもしれないものは何か—についてのことでもあるのです。

Vocabulary

  1. household consumption — spending by individuals and families on goods and services. Example: Stronger household consumption can help support businesses that depend on domestic customers.
  2. material consumption — the use of physical goods and natural resources in an economy. Example: A country may try to improve living standards without continuously increasing material consumption.
  3. circular economy — an economic system that tries to reduce waste by keeping products and materials in use through repair, reuse, and recycling. Example: Repairing old electronics instead of throwing them away is part of a circular economy.
  4. resource-intensive — requiring large amounts of natural resources, energy, or materials. Example: Heavy industry can be highly resource-intensive.
  5. decouple — to separate two things that have usually changed together. Example: Governments are trying to decouple economic growth from rising carbon emissions.
  6. ecological economics — an approach to economics that studies the economy as part of a limited natural and environmental system. Example: Ecological economics asks how economic activity can remain within environmental limits.
  7. post-growth — relating to the idea that improving human well-being does not always require continuous economic growth. Example: Post-growth thinkers argue that governments should consider goals besides GDP.
  8. degrowth — the idea of deliberately reducing some forms of production and consumption in order to lower environmental pressure while protecting human well-being. Example: Degrowth remains a controversial idea among economists and policymakers.
  9. trade-off — a situation in which gaining one benefit may require accepting a disadvantage somewhere else. Example: Environmental policies sometimes involve a trade-off between short-term costs and long-term benefits.

Comprehension Questions

  1. Why does the article say that higher consumer spending does not necessarily mean buying more physical products?
    1. Physical products are not included in economic statistics.
    2. Services such as healthcare and travel are also forms of consumption.
    3. Governments do not allow households to buy more goods.
    4. Consumers in wealthy countries have stopped buying products.

    記事が、より高い消費者支出が必ずしもより多くの物理的製品を買うことを意味しないと言うのはなぜですか?

  2. What is the main idea of a circular economy?
    1. Products should be replaced as frequently as possible.
    2. International trade should be stopped.
    3. Products and materials should remain useful for longer through repair, reuse, and recycling.
    4. People should stop spending money completely.

    循環経済の主な考えは何ですか?

  3. What do supporters of green growth believe?
    1. Economic growth can become less dependent on resources and environmental damage.
    2. All economic growth must end immediately.
    3. Only manufacturing should grow.
    4. Technology cannot reduce environmental pressure.

    グリーン成長の支持者は何を信じていますか?

  4. How does the article describe degrowth?
    1. An unexpected economic crisis
    2. A policy of reducing all economic activity equally
    3. A debated idea for deliberately reducing some environmentally costly production and consumption
    4. A plan to increase exports while reducing imports

    記事は脱成長をどう述べていますか?

  5. What is the article’s main conclusion?
    1. Chinese households should buy as many products as possible.
    2. Economic growth is always harmful.
    3. All countries should adopt degrowth policies.
    4. The important question is not only how much economies grow or consume, but what kinds of activity should grow.

    記事の主な結論は何ですか?

Discussion Questions

  1. Do you think governments should always try to increase economic growth? Why or why not?

    政府はいつも経済成長を増やそうとすべきだと思いますか?それはなぜ/なぜそうでないのですか?

  2. Would you rather buy a cheaper product and replace it often, or pay more for a product designed to last much longer?

    安く買って頻繁に買い替える製品と、はるかに長く持つよう設計された製品により多く払うことと、どちらがよいですか?

  3. Do you think green growth can solve environmental problems without reducing consumption?

    グリーン成長は、消費を減らさずに環境問題を解決できると思いますか?

  4. Should wealthy countries and developing countries have different economic growth goals?

    豊かな国と途上国は、異なる経済成長目標を持つべきですか?

  5. What kinds of economic activity would you like to see grow, and what kinds do you think should become smaller?

    どんな種類の経済活動が成長してほしいですか。また、どんな種類が小さくなるべきだと思いますか?

Speaking Practice

What Kind of Growth Do We Need?

Speak for about one minute.

どんな成長が必要なのか?約1分間話してください。

Try to include:

  • why consumption is important to an economy

    消費が経済にとって重要な理由

  • why consumption does not always mean buying physical products

    消費がいつも物理的製品を買うことを意味しない理由

  • what a circular economy is

    循環経済とは何か

  • one difference between green growth and degrowth

    グリーン成長と脱成長の違いを一つ

  • what you think a healthy economy should try to achieve

    健全な経済が達成しようとすべきだと考えること