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Cryptocurrency: One Technology, Different Rules

Day 1 — Why Did Pakistan Change Its Mind About Cryptocurrency?

暗号資産:一つの技術、異なるルール ― 第1日:なぜパキスタンは暗号資産についての考えを変えたのか

A smartphone showing abstract cryptocurrency charts beside licensing paperwork and a remittance form on a financial regulation desk

In 2018, Pakistan’s central bank told banks and other financial institutions to steer clear of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. The authorities feared that digital currencies could be used for money laundering, fraud, and financing terrorism. Eight years later, however, Pakistan was introducing a licensing system for cryptocurrency businesses. Had the country simply changed its mind? Not quite. The 2018 restrictions had applied mainly to financial institutions, not made cryptocurrency ownership itself illegal. Nevertheless, the shift from discouraging banks to welcoming regulated businesses was remarkable.

2018年、パキスタンの中央銀行は、銀行やほかの金融機関に、ビットコインなどの暗号資産を避けるよう伝えました。当局は、デジタル通貨がマネーロンダリング、詐欺、テロ資金供与に使われうると恐れていました。しかし8年後、パキスタンは暗号資産ビジネスのための認可制度を導入しつつありました。国は単に考えを変えたのでしょうか。必ずしもそうではありません。2018年の制限は主に金融機関に適用され、暗号資産の保有そのものを違法にしたわけではありませんでした。それでも、銀行を遠ざけることから規制された事業を歓迎することへの転換は、目覚ましいものでした。

One reason was that cryptocurrency had continued to spread despite the restrictions. For years, Pakistan’s crypto market operated in a legal gray area, without clear rules for businesses or adequate protection for customers. Yet cryptocurrency trading took off. In a 2025 global index compiled by blockchain research company Chainalysis, Pakistan ranked third in cryptocurrency adoption, behind only India and the United States. The government faced an uncomfortable reality: a large market already existed, but officials had limited ability to supervise it. Keeping cryptocurrency outside the regulated financial system had not made it disappear.

理由の一つは、制限にもかかわらず暗号資産が広がり続けていたことでした。何年ものあいだ、パキスタンの暗号資産市場は法的なグレーゾーンで動き、事業向けの明確なルールも顧客への十分な保護もありませんでした。それでも暗号資産取引は急成長しました。ブロックチェーン調査会社Chainalysisがまとめた2025年の世界指数では、パキスタンは暗号資産の普及でインドとアメリカに次ぐ3位でした。政府は居心地の悪い現実に直面しました。大きな市場はすでに存在するのに、当局が監督する力は限られていたのです。暗号資産を規制された金融システムの外に置いても、それは消えませんでした。

Supporters of cryptocurrency also pointed to Pakistan’s economic needs. Millions of Pakistanis work abroad, sending money home to support their families. These payments, known as remittances, totaled about $38 billion in the 2025 financial year. Freelancers working for overseas clients also need affordable ways to receive payments. Advocates argue that digital currencies, particularly stablecoins linked to the US dollar, could make some international transfers faster and cheaper. This does not mean cryptocurrency is already the main method used for such payments. But for a country that depends heavily on money arriving from abroad, improving payment systems is an attractive possibility.

暗号資産の支持者はまた、パキスタンの経済的必要も指摘しました。何百万人ものパキスタン人が海外で働き、家族を支えるために母国へ送金しています。送金として知られるこれらの支払いは、2025会計年度に約380億ドルに達しました。海外の顧客向けに働くフリーランサーも、支払いを受け取る手頃な方法を必要としています。推進派は、デジタル通貨、とくに米ドルに連動するステーブルコインが、一部の国際送金をより速く安くできると主張します。これは、暗号資産がすでにそのような支払いの主要な方法であるという意味ではありません。しかし、海外から届くお金に大きく依存する国にとって、決済システムの改善は魅力的な可能性です。

In 2026, Pakistan decided to bring the industry into the open rather than leave it largely outside official supervision. A new law established the Pakistan Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority, which introduced detailed licensing rules in August. Companies seeking to operate cryptocurrency exchanges must meet requirements for protecting customers, checking identities, and monitoring suspicious transactions. The aim is to encourage legitimate business while cracking down on financial crime. But licensing a company does not guarantee that its investments are safe. Nor does it make Bitcoin an official national currency. The government is trying to regulate a risky market, not eliminate its risks altogether.

2026年、パキスタンは、産業を公式の監督の外にほぼ置いたままにするのではなく、表に出すことを決めました。新しい法律がパキスタン仮想資産規制当局を設立し、同当局は8月に詳細な認可規則を導入しました。暗号資産取引所の運営を求める企業は、顧客の保護、身元確認、疑わしい取引の監視についての要件を満たさなければなりません。目的は、金融犯罪を取り締まりつつ、正当な事業を促すことです。しかし、企業を認可しても、その投資が安全であることを保証するわけではありません。ビットコインを公式の国家通貨にするわけでもありません。政府はリスクのある市場を規制しようとしており、リスクそのものを完全になくそうとしているのではありません。

There is another obstacle that financial regulations alone cannot resolve: religion. Pakistan is a Muslim-majority country, and Islamic finance places restrictions on interest and certain forms of excessive speculation. In June 2026, prominent Islamic scholar Mufti Taqi Usmani and five other scholars issued a fatwa, or religious legal opinion, rejecting the use of cryptocurrency to purchase goods. They argued that such currencies did not qualify as genuine wealth under Islamic law. Other scholars disagreed, while regulators suggested that digital assets backed by gold or conventional currencies might deserve different treatment. The debate is not simply about whether technology is modern or old-fashioned. It concerns where Islamic law should draw the line between legitimate financial assets and unacceptable speculation. A fatwa is not the same as a government law, but religious opinions can strongly influence whether people trust a financial product.

金融規制だけでは解決できない、もう一つの障害があります。宗教です。パキスタンはイスラム教徒が多数を占める国で、イスラム金融は利息と、ある種の過度な投機に制限を設けています。2026年6月、著名なイスラム法学者ムフティ・タキ・ウスマニとほか5人の学者が、ファトワ、つまり宗教上の法的見解を出し、暗号資産を使って財を買うことを否定しました。彼らは、そのような通貨はイスラム法のもとで真の富とは認められないと主張しました。ほかの学者は反対し、規制当局は、金や従来の通貨に裏付けられたデジタル資産は異なる扱いを受けるに値するかもしれないと示唆しました。議論は、技術が近代的か古いかという問題だけではありません。正当な金融資産と受け入れがたい投機のあいだで、イスラム法がどこに線を引くべきかに関わるのです。ファトワは政府の法律と同じではありませんが、宗教的見解は、人々が金融商品を信頼するかどうかに強く影響しえます。

Pakistan’s experience therefore reveals two different challenges. The first is legal: establishing rules that allow cryptocurrency businesses to operate while protecting customers and preventing crime. The second is social: whether the government and financial industry can win over people who remain doubtful about cryptocurrency’s safety or religious acceptability. Pakistan has made considerable progress on the first challenge, but the second is far from settled. The government can give a cryptocurrency exchange permission to operate. It cannot, simply by passing a law, persuade people that the money being traded is trustworthy or even acceptable to use.

したがってパキスタンの経験は、二つの異なる課題を明らかにしています。第一は法的な課題です。顧客を守り犯罪を防ぎつつ、暗号資産ビジネスが事業できるルールを整えることです。第二は社会的な課題です。政府と金融業界が、暗号資産の安全性や宗教的な受け入れやすさになお疑念を持つ人々を説得できるかどうかです。パキスタンは第一の課題でかなりの進展を遂げましたが、第二は決着にはほど遠いです。政府は暗号資産取引所に運営の許可を与えられます。しかし、法律を通すだけでは、取引されているお金が信頼できる、あるいは使うことさえ受け入れられると人々を説得することはできません。

Vocabulary

  1. steer clear of — To deliberately avoid someone or something, especially because it may cause trouble or involve risks. Example: The financial adviser told his clients to steer clear of investment schemes promising unusually high returns.
  2. legal gray area — A situation in which the law is unclear or does not clearly establish whether an activity is permitted or prohibited. Example: Before the government introduced new regulations, many online financial services operated in a legal gray area.
  3. take off — To suddenly become popular, successful, or widely used. Example: Mobile payment services took off after more shops began accepting payments through smartphones.
  4. remittance — Money sent by a person working in another country to someone, often a family member, in their home country. Example: Remittances from overseas workers provide an important source of income for many families in the Philippines.
  5. bring something into the open — To make an activity or situation visible or publicly known, rather than allowing it to remain hidden. Example: The government introduced registration requirements to bring previously unregulated financial businesses into the open.
  6. crack down on — To take stronger action to stop illegal or unacceptable activities. Example: Financial regulators are cracking down on companies that fail to verify their customers’ identities.
  7. backed by — Supported by something that provides value, security, or a guarantee. Example: Some digital tokens are backed by gold held in secure storage facilities.
  8. draw the line — To establish a limit between what is acceptable and what is not. Example: Regulators must draw the line between legitimate financial innovation and activities that expose consumers to unacceptable risks.
  9. win over — To persuade someone to support or accept an idea, product, or decision after initially being doubtful or opposed. Example: The company tried to win over skeptical customers by explaining its security measures and publishing independent audit reports.

Comprehension Questions

  1. What was the main effect of Pakistan’s 2018 restrictions on cryptocurrency?
    1. They made owning Bitcoin a criminal offense for all Pakistani citizens.
    2. They prevented banks and other regulated financial institutions from dealing in cryptocurrencies.
    3. They prohibited Pakistani citizens from receiving money from overseas.
    4. They established a licensing system for cryptocurrency exchanges.

    暗号資産に関するパキスタンの2018年の制限の主な効果は何でしたか?

  2. Why did Pakistan’s government reconsider its approach to cryptocurrency?
    1. Cryptocurrency had disappeared from the country after the 2018 restrictions.
    2. Pakistan had decided to replace its national currency with Bitcoin.
    3. Cryptocurrency use had expanded despite the restrictions, while the government had limited ability to supervise the market.
    4. Financial institutions had already eliminated every risk associated with cryptocurrency.

    パキスタン政府が暗号資産への取り組みを見直したのはなぜですか?

  3. How might cryptocurrency benefit Pakistani workers who receive money from abroad?
    1. It could provide faster and cheaper ways to receive international payments.
    2. It could guarantee that the value of every digital currency would increase.
    3. It could eliminate the need for workers to pay taxes on foreign income.
    4. It could automatically convert every foreign payment into gold.

    暗号資産は、海外からお金を受け取るパキスタンの労働者にどのように役立ちうるでしょうか?

  4. What is the main purpose of Pakistan’s new cryptocurrency licensing system?
    1. To guarantee that every cryptocurrency investment will be profitable.
    2. To make Bitcoin the country’s official currency.
    3. To prohibit all international transfers involving digital assets.
    4. To supervise cryptocurrency businesses and establish requirements for customer protection and financial crime prevention.

    パキスタンの新しい暗号資産認可制度の主な目的は何ですか?

  5. Why does the article distinguish between government regulation and religious acceptance?
    1. Because Islamic scholars have complete control over Pakistan’s financial legislation.
    2. Because a cryptocurrency business may be legally permitted even if some people question whether its activities are acceptable under Islamic law.
    3. Because all Islamic scholars have agreed that cryptocurrency is forbidden.
    4. Because religious opinions automatically cancel government-issued business licenses.

    記事が政府規制と宗教的な受け入れを区別するのはなぜですか?

Discussion Questions

  1. Pakistan initially restricted banks from dealing in cryptocurrency, but the market continued to grow. Under what circumstances might regulating an existing market be more effective than trying to prohibit it? What risks could remain even after regulation is introduced?

    パキスタンは当初、銀行が暗号資産を扱うことを制限しましたが、市場は成長を続けました。どのような状況では、禁止しようとするよりも既存の市場を規制する方が効果的でしょうか。規制が導入された後も残りうるリスクは何でしょうか?

  2. Cryptocurrency advocates argue that digital currencies could make international payments faster and cheaper. What factors should Pakistan consider before encouraging overseas workers and freelancers to use these services?

    暗号資産の推進派は、デジタル通貨が国際支払いをより速く安くできると主張します。パキスタンは、海外労働者やフリーランサーにこれらのサービスを使うよう促す前に、どのような要因を考慮すべきでしょうか?

  3. Pakistan’s government is developing a licensing system for cryptocurrency businesses. What requirements should regulators impose to protect customers without making it unnecessarily difficult for legitimate new businesses to enter the market?

    パキスタン政府は暗号資産ビジネスのための認可制度を整備しています。正当な新規事業の参入を不必要に難しくせずに顧客を守るために、規制当局はどのような要件を課すべきでしょうか?

  4. Some Islamic scholars question whether cryptocurrencies qualify as genuine wealth, while regulators argue that different kinds of digital assets should be assessed separately. How should governments approach financial products when legal, economic, and religious perspectives differ?

    一部のイスラム法学者は暗号資産が真の富と認められるかを疑問視する一方、規制当局は種類の異なるデジタル資産を別々に評価すべきだと主張します。法的、経済的、宗教的な見方が異なるとき、政府は金融商品にどう向き合うべきでしょうか?

  5. A government may legally recognize a financial product without winning the confidence of the public. What might make people trust a new financial system, and how should governments and businesses respond to concerns that cannot be resolved through regulation alone?

    政府は、世論の信頼を勝ち得なくても金融商品を法的に認めることがあります。人々が新しい金融システムを信頼するようになる要因は何でしょうか。また、規制だけでは解決できない懸念に、政府と企業はどう応えるべきでしょうか?

Speaking Practice

One-Minute News Briefing

Imagine you are explaining Pakistan’s changing cryptocurrency policy to a colleague who knows little about the country’s financial system. Give a short briefing of approximately one minute, covering the following points: What restrictions Pakistan introduced in 2018, and how its policy changed in 2026. Why cryptocurrency continued to spread despite the earlier restrictions. How digital currencies might benefit Pakistan’s economy, particularly international payments. Why legal regulation alone may not be enough to make cryptocurrency widely accepted. Try to use at least three expressions from today’s Vocabulary.

1分ニュース・ブリーフィング。パキスタンの金融システムをほとんど知らない同僚に、同国の変わりつつある暗号資産政策を説明しているつもりで話してください。およそ1分で、次の点をカバーしてください。2018年にパキスタンが導入した制限と、2026年に政策がどう変わったか。以前の制限にもかかわらず暗号資産が広がり続けたのはなぜか。デジタル通貨がパキスタン経済、とくに国際支払いにどう役立ちうるか。法規制だけでは暗号資産が広く受け入れられるのに十分でないかもしれないのはなぜか。今日のVocabularyから少なくとも三つの表現を使ってください。