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Culture Under Pressure in Hong Kong

Day 1: Who Decides Which Books Are Dangerous?

圧力の下にある香港の文化 ― 第1日:危険な本を決めるのは誰か

Quiet independent Hong Kong bookstore suggesting pressure on books and free expression

In July 2026, a woman was photographed being led away from a Hong Kong bookstore by police. Her T-shirt carried a simple message: “I am a bookstore employee.” She was one of five people arrested after national security police raided two independent bookstores. It was the third such operation in four months. Altogether, eleven people connected to four bookstores had been arrested on suspicion of selling seditious publications.

2026年7月、一人の女性が香港の書店から警察に連れて行かれるところが撮影されました。彼女のTシャツにはシンプルなメッセージがありました。「私は書店の従業員です」。彼女は、国家安全警察が二つの独立書店を手入れしたあと逮捕された5人のうちの一人でした。それは4か月で3回目のそのような作戦でした。合わせて、4つの書店に関係する11人が、扇動的な出版物を販売した疑いで逮捕されていました。

Hong Kong was once a major center for books that could not be published in mainland China. Visitors crossed the border to buy works about Chinese politics and history. That environment has changed since China imposed a national security law on Hong Kong in 2020. The recent bookstore arrests involved the city’s separate Safeguarding National Security Ordinance, which took effect in 2024. Under this law, sedition normally carries a maximum prison sentence of seven years, or ten years when an outside force is involved.

香港はかつて、中国本土では出版できない本の主要な中心地でした。訪問者は国境を越えて、中国の政治と歴史についての作品を買いに来ました。その環境は、中国が2020年に香港に国家安全法を課してから変わりました。最近の書店逮捕は、2024年に発効した市の別の「国家安全維持条例」が関わりました。この法律の下では、扇動罪は通常、最高7年の禁固刑、外部勢力が関わる場合は10年の刑を科されます。

Police said the seized books contained material intended to incite hatred against Hong Kong’s government, courts, or law-enforcement agencies. Books connected to the different operations reportedly included The Troublemaker, a biography of imprisoned pro-democracy media founder Jimmy Lai, and Emily Feng’s Let Only Red Flowers Bloom, which examines political control in China. However, the authorities have not identified every title involved in the cases.

警察は、押収された本には、香港の政府、裁判所、または法執行機関に対する憎悪を扇動することを意図した内容が含まれていたと述べました。異なる作戦に関係した本には、投獄された親民主派メディア創設者ジミー・ライの伝記『The Troublemaker』と、中国の政治的統制を調べるエミリー・フェンの『Let Only Red Flowers Bloom』が含まれていたと報じられています。しかし当局は、事件に関係したすべての書名を明らかにしていません。

Hong Kong’s security chief has said that the authorities are not targeting bookstores or particular political fields. The content of each book, he argues, is what matters. He compared booksellers’ responsibility to that of food sellers, who must make sure their products are safe. At the same time, the government says it will not compile an official list of prohibited books.

香港の保安局長は、当局は書店や特定の政治分野を標的にしているのではないと述べています。各本の内容こそが重要だと彼は主張します。彼は書店の責任を、製品が安全であることを確認しなければならない食品販売者の責任と比べました。同時に政府は、禁止された本の公式リストを作成しないと言っています。

This leaves booksellers facing a difficult question: how can they determine which books cross the legal boundary? A shop may believe that a publication is lawful, only to discover the authorities disagree after displaying or importing it. To comply with the law, booksellers may therefore remove not only illegal books but also books that might possibly attract official attention. One store involved in the July operation had already announced its closure, citing financial losses and an unclear red line.

このため書店は難しい問いに直面しています。どの本が法的境界を越えるかを、どうやって判断できるのでしょうか。店は出版物が合法だと信じていても、陳列または輸入したあとで当局が同意しないことに気づくだけかもしれません。したがって法律を守るために、書店は違法な本だけでなく、公式の注意を引くかもしれない本も取り除くことがあります。7月の作戦に関係したある店はすでに、金銭的損失と不明確なレッドラインを理由に閉店を発表していました。

This uncertainty may create a chilling effect. A government does not have to ban every individual title if publishers and booksellers become too cautious to handle sensitive material. Supporters of the law say such controls are necessary to protect national security. Critics argue that unclear rules discourage lawful expression as well as illegal speech. The central question is therefore not only which books have been removed, but which books may never reach a shelf because nobody is willing to take the risk.

この不確実性は、萎縮効果を生み出すかもしれません。出版社と書店が繊細な材料を扱うことに慎重になりすぎれば、政府は一つ一つの書名をすべて禁止する必要はありません。法律の支持者は、そのような管理は国家安全保障を守るために必要だと言います。批判者は、不明確な規則は違法な言論だけでなく合法的な表現も抑えると主張します。したがって中心的な問いは、どの本が取り除かれたかだけでなく、誰もリスクを取る意思がないためにどの本が棚に届かないかもしれないかです。

Vocabulary

  1. raid — to enter a place suddenly in order to search it, seize something, or make arrests. Example: Police may raid the office as part of an investigation into illegal payments.
  2. on suspicion of — because there is reason to believe that someone may have committed a crime or done something wrong. Example: The man was arrested on suspicion of stealing confidential information.
  3. seditious — encouraging opposition or resistance against a government or established authority. Example: The government claimed that the publication contained seditious material.
  4. incite — to encourage people to behave in a violent, harmful, or unlawful way. Example: The speaker was accused of trying to incite violence.
  5. compile — to collect information from different sources and arrange it as a list, report, or other work. Example: The organization may compile a list of journalists who have been arrested.
  6. determine — to discover, decide, or establish something after considering the available information. Example: The court must determine whether the company broke the law.
  7. boundary — a limit that separates what is acceptable or permitted from what is not. Example: New technology has made the boundary between work and private life less clear.
  8. comply with — to act according to a rule, law, order, or request. Example: Businesses must comply with the new safety regulations.
  9. chilling effect — a situation in which people avoid lawful speech or behavior because they fear punishment. Example: The threat of legal action had a chilling effect on public debate.

Comprehension Questions

  1. Why did the woman’s T-shirt attract attention?
    1. It advertised one of the seized books.
    2. It became a simple expression of support for bookstore workers.
    3. It contained a list of prohibited publications.
    4. It identified her as a police officer.

    その女性のTシャツが注目を集めたのはなぜですか?

  2. Which law was directly involved in the recent sedition arrests?
    1. The Safeguarding National Security Ordinance of 2024
    2. A publishing law introduced in mainland China in 1997
    3. Hong Kong’s film censorship law
    4. A new copyright law passed in 2026

    最近の扇動罪逮捕に直接関係した法律はどれですか?

  3. What did police say was wrong with the seized publications?
    1. They had been printed without the authors’ permission.
    2. They contained inaccurate information about book sales.
    3. They were intended to incite hatred against public institutions.
    4. They had been imported without paying tax.

    警察は押収された出版物の何が問題だと言いましたか?

  4. Why does the absence of a prohibited-books list create difficulty for booksellers?
    1. They cannot determine in advance which books may be considered illegal.
    2. They must send every book to mainland China for approval.
    3. They are prohibited from selling books published overseas.
    4. They cannot obtain information about newly published books.

    禁止本リストがないことが書店に困難を生むのはなぜですか?

  5. What is the main point of the final paragraph?
    1. Only books that reach bookstores can be censored.
    2. Unclear rules may discourage people from handling lawful books.
    3. Independent bookstores are more profitable than large book chains.
    4. National security laws apply only to political biographies.

    最終段落の主な要点は何ですか?

Discussion Questions

  1. Should a government publish a clear list of books that it considers illegal?

    政府は、違法だと考える本の明確なリストを公表すべきですか?

  2. Is it reasonable to make booksellers legally responsible for the content of every book they sell?

    書店が販売するすべての本の内容について法的責任を負わせるのは合理的ですか?

  3. Can a book threaten national security, or should written expression always be protected?

    本は国家安全保障を脅かしえますか、それとも書かれた表現は常に保護されるべきですか?

  4. How might unclear laws change the decisions made by writers and publishers?

    不明確な法律は、作家と出版社が行う決定をどう変ええますか?

  5. Why might banning or seizing a book make more people want to read it?

    本を禁止または押収することが、より多くの人にそれを読みたいと思わせることがあるのはなぜですか?

Speaking Practice

Speak for about one minute about how unclear rules can affect bookstores and publishing.

不明確な規則が書店と出版にどう影響しうるかについて、約1分間話してください。

Include:

  • what happened to the Hong Kong bookstores

    香港の書店に何が起きたか

  • why the authorities considered some books dangerous

    当局が一部の本を危険だと考えた理由

  • why the absence of a prohibited-books list matters

    禁止本リストがないことが重要な理由

  • what a chilling effect is

    萎縮効果とは何か