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Culture Under Pressure in Hong Kong

Day 2: What Happened to Hong Kong’s Golden Age of Cinema?

圧力の下にある香港の文化 ― 第2日:香港映画の黄金時代に何が起きたのか

Hong Kong cinema foyer suggesting the decline of a once-golden film industry

For many people across Asia, Hong Kong cinema once meant action, comedy, and unforgettable stars. Films featuring Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, and Chow Yun-fat filled cinemas, while directors such as Wong Kar-wai gained international recognition. Hong Kong movies dominated regional markets and influenced filmmakers around the world.

アジアの多くの人々にとって、香港映画はかつてアクション、コメディ、忘れがたいスターを意味していました。ブルース・リー、ジャッキー・チェン、チョウ・ユンファットが出演する映画が映画館を埋め、ウォン・カーウァイのような監督は国際的な評価を得ました。香港映画は地域市場を支配し、世界中の映画制作者に影響を与えました。

At its peak in the early 1990s, Hong Kong produced more than 200 films a year. Its movies were exported to Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, and Chinese communities in Europe and North America. The industry also earned large profits at the local box office. By contrast, official figures show that only 41 Hong Kong films were among the 275 movies released in the city in 2025.

1990年代初頭の最盛期には、香港は年間200本以上の映画を製作していました。その映画は台湾、日本、韓国、東南アジア、そしてヨーロッパと北米の華人コミュニティに輸出されました。産業はまた、地元の興行収入でも大きな利益を上げました。対照的に、公式の数字では、2025年に市内で公開された275本の映画のうち、香港映画はわずか41本でした。

The decline did not begin with the recent national security laws. Production was already falling by the mid-1990s. The Asian financial crisis reduced investment and entertainment spending across the region. Pirated copies damaged sales, while Hollywood blockbusters became stronger competitors. Some famous actors and directors also moved abroad. Political change later became another contributing factor, but it was not the original or only cause.

衰退は最近の国家安全法から始まったわけではありません。製作はすでに1990年代半ばまでに減り始めていました。アジア通貨危機は、地域全体で投資と娯楽支出を減らしました。海賊版は売上を損ない、一方ハリウッドの大作はより強い競争相手になりました。一部の有名な俳優と監督も海外へ移りました。政治的変化は後に別の寄与要因になりましたが、最初の、または唯一の原因ではありませんでした。

Meanwhile, mainland China’s film market was expanding. It offered Hong Kong producers access to a huge audience and new sources of investment. Making films for that market could be extremely lucrative. However, filmmakers also had to adapt to mainland rules. Subjects acceptable in Hong Kong, including some political stories, LGBTQ themes, and supernatural plots, could face difficulties in mainland China. Investors therefore began asking whether a proposed film would be allowed into the mainland market.

そのあいだ、中国本土の映画市場は拡大していました。それは香港のプロデューサーに、巨大な観客と新しい投資源へのアクセスを提供しました。その市場向けに映画を作ることは、極めて儲かる可能性がありました。しかし映画制作者はまた、本土の規則に適応しなければなりませんでした。一部の政治的物語、LGBTQのテーマ、超自然的な筋書きを含む、香港では受け入れられる題材が、中国本土では困難に直面することがありました。そのため投資家は、提案された映画が本土市場に入れるかどうかを尋ね始めました。

The rules inside Hong Kong also changed. After the national security law was imposed in 2020, Hong Kong amended its Film Censorship Ordinance in 2021. Censors were required to consider whether showing a film might be contrary to national security. The authorities say this is necessary to protect the country and maintain social stability. Critics worry that broad standards make it difficult for filmmakers to know which stories will be accepted.

香港内部の規則も変わりました。2020年に国家安全法が課されたあと、香港は2021年に映画検閲条例を改正しました。検閲官は、映画の上映が国家安全に反するかどうかを考慮するよう求められました。当局は、これは国を守り社会の安定を維持するために必要だと言います。批判者は、広い基準が、どの物語が受け入れられるかを映画制作者が知るのを難しくすると心配しています。

The timing of the censorship process adds to the uncertainty. In mainland China, information about a script is normally submitted before filming begins. Hong Kong filmmakers do not necessarily receive such an early decision. They may complete a movie before trying to secure approval for public exhibition. If permission is refused, years of work and millions of dollars may become a sunk cost. Producers and investors may therefore avoid a sensitive idea before anyone officially rejects it.

検閲過程のタイミングは、不確実性をさらに増します。中国本土では、脚本に関する情報は通常、撮影が始まる前に提出されます。香港の映画制作者は、必ずしもそのような早い決定を受けません。彼らは、公開上映の承認を得ようとする前に映画を完成させるかもしれません。許可が拒否されれば、何年もの仕事と何百万ドルが埋没費用になりえます。したがってプロデューサーと投資家は、誰かが公式に拒む前に、繊細なアイデアを避けることがあります。

Hong Kong cinema’s golden age ended for many reasons: economic crises, changing audiences, international competition, dependence on the mainland market, and tighter political controls. It would be misleading to blame everything on one law. Yet the freedom to experiment was one reason Hong Kong cinema became distinctive in the first place. The question now is whether the industry can find a new identity while filmmakers face both financial and political limits.

香港映画の黄金時代は多くの理由で終わりました。経済危機、変わる観客、国際競争、本土市場への依存、そしてより厳しい政治的統制です。すべてを一つの法律のせいにするのは誤解を招くでしょう。しかし、実験する自由は、そもそも香港映画が独特になった理由の一つでした。今の問いは、映画制作者が金銭的および政治的な限界に直面するなかで、産業が新しいアイデンティティを見つけられるかどうかです。

Vocabulary

  1. dominate — to be the most powerful, successful, or noticeable person or thing in a particular area. Example: Foreign companies may dominate the country’s automobile market.
  2. at its peak — at the time when something is most successful, powerful, or active. Example: At its peak, the company employed more than 20,000 people.
  3. box office — the money earned from ticket sales for a film or performance. Example: The movie performed well at the box office despite receiving mixed reviews.
  4. blockbuster — a film that is very successful and earns a large amount of money. Example: The studio hopes its new action movie will become a summer blockbuster.
  5. contributing factor — one of several things that help cause a particular result or situation. Example: High housing costs were a contributing factor in the population decline.
  6. lucrative — producing a large amount of money or profit. Example: The company left the local market to pursue more lucrative opportunities overseas.
  7. amend — to make an official change to a law, agreement, or document. Example: Parliament may amend the law after several weaknesses are discovered.
  8. secure approval — to successfully obtain official permission for something. Example: The developers must secure approval before construction can begin.
  9. sunk cost — money, time, or effort that has already been spent and cannot be recovered. Example: The failed research project became a major sunk cost for the company.

Comprehension Questions

  1. What was one sign of Hong Kong cinema’s success during its golden age?
    1. It depended entirely on the mainland Chinese market.
    2. It produced and exported more than 200 films a year.
    3. It showed only action movies in local cinemas.
    4. It received most of its funding from Hollywood.

    黄金時代における香港映画の成功の兆候の一つは何ですか?

  2. Why does the article say that recent security laws did not cause the original decline?
    1. Film production had already begun falling in the 1990s.
    2. The laws apply only to books and newspapers.
    3. Hong Kong stopped producing films before 1980.
    4. The industry continued growing until 2025.

    記事は、最近の安全保障法が当初の衰退を引き起こしたわけではないとなぜ言うのですか?

  3. Why did the mainland Chinese market attract Hong Kong filmmakers?
    1. It had no film censorship system.
    2. It allowed every Hong Kong film to be released.
    3. It offered a large audience and new investment.
    4. It focused mainly on small independent films.

    中国本土の市場が香港の映画制作者を引き付けたのはなぜですか?

  4. What changed when Hong Kong amended its film censorship law in 2021?
    1. All films had to be produced in mainland China.
    2. National security became part of the censorship process.
    3. Foreign actors were prohibited from appearing in films.
    4. Film censorship was completely abolished.

    香港が2021年に映画検閲法を改正したとき、何が変わりましたか?

  5. Why can the timing of Hong Kong’s approval process create financial risk?
    1. A completed film may be refused permission for public exhibition.
    2. Filmmakers must pay audiences before beginning production.
    3. Investors cannot read a script until the film is released.
    4. Every film must be produced twice in different languages.

    香港の承認過程のタイミングが金銭的リスクを生みうるのはなぜですか?

Discussion Questions

  1. Which factor do you think contributed most to the decline of Hong Kong cinema?

    香港映画の衰退に最も寄与した要因はどれだと思いますか?

  2. Should filmmakers change their stories to gain access to a larger foreign market?

    映画制作者は、より大きな海外市場へのアクセスを得るために物語を変えるべきですか?

  3. Is it better for a censorship decision to be made before or after a film is produced?

    検閲の決定は、映画が製作される前と後のどちらで行われる方がよいですか?

  4. Can political limits make an entertainment industry less creative?

    政治的な制限は、娯楽産業の創造性を下げえますか?

  5. What makes a local film industry culturally important, even if it is no longer commercially dominant?

    商業的に支配的でなくなっても、地元の映画産業を文化的に重要にするのは何ですか?

Speaking Practice

Speak for about one minute about why Hong Kong’s film industry declined.

香港の映画産業が衰退した理由について、約1分間話してください。

Include:

  • what made its golden age successful

    黄金時代を成功させたもの

  • two economic or commercial reasons for the decline

    衰退の経済的または商業的理由二つ

  • how the mainland Chinese market affected filmmakers

    中国本土の市場が映画制作者にどう影響したか

  • why the approval process creates financial risk

    承認過程が金銭的リスクを生む理由