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How Does Innovation Happen?

Day 2: Can a Government Plan Innovation?

イノベーションはどのように起こるのか ― 第2日:政府はイノベーションを計画できるのか

Electric public buses plugged into charging stations at a city depot with a soft-focus skyline behind at dusk

In 2017, Shenzhen, China, completed the conversion of its entire public bus fleet—about 16,000 vehicles—to electric power. The city had not invented the electric bus. Its achievement was making electric buses the normal way to provide bus service across a large city. How was it able to make that change so quickly?

2017年、中国の深圳は、約1万6,000台の公共バスの車両全体を、電気駆動へ転換し終えました。その都市は電気バスを発明したわけではありません。その成果は、大都市全体でバスサービスを提供する通常の方法を、電気バスにすることにありました。なぜ、その変化をこれほど速く行えたのでしょうか?

Buying the buses was only one part of the job. They cost more upfront than diesel buses, and operators needed charging infrastructure in the right places. Charging also had to fit around daily routes: a bus cannot carry passengers while it is plugged in. Replacing the fleet meant changing how the whole service worked.

バスを買うことは、仕事の一部にすぎませんでした。電気バスはディーゼルバスより初期費用が高く、運営者は適切な場所に充電インフラを必要としました。充電は、日々の運行にも合わせなければなりません。バスは充電中に乗客を運べないからです。車両を置き換えることは、サービス全体の働き方を変えることを意味しました。

Shenzhen treated those problems as one project. National and local subsidies helped pay for vehicles. The city supported charging facilities and made land-use approvals for them faster. Its three main bus companies worked with manufacturers, charging providers, and financial firms; leasing helped spread some of the initial cost. A government target became practical because several organizations could act on it together.

深圳は、それらの問題を一つの事業として扱いました。国と地方の補助金が、車両の費用を賄う助けになりました。市は充電施設を支援し、そのための土地利用の許可をより早くしました。主要な3つのバス会社は、製造業者、充電事業者、金融機関と協力し、リースが初期費用の一部を分散する助けになりました。政府の目標は、複数の組織がともに動けるようになったことで、実行可能なものになりました。

That speed came at a price. A World Bank study of Shenzhen Bus Group estimated that, without subsidies, an electric bus’s lifetime cost would have been higher than a diesel bus’s. With subsidies, it was lower for the operator. The expense had not vanished: part of it had moved to the public budget. Shenzhen’s government chose to pay for a faster transition.

その速さには代償が伴いました。世界銀行による深圳バスグループの研究は、補助金がなければ、電気バスの生涯コストはディーゼルバスより高くなっていただろうと推計しています。補助金があれば、運営者にとってはより低くなりました。費用がなくなったわけではありません。その一部が公的予算へ移ったのです。深圳市政府は、より速い移行のために支払うことを選びました。

Japan supports electric buses too, but making a similar nationwide or citywide switch is difficult under its present conditions. In a government survey, nearly three-quarters of Japanese bus operators ran at a loss in fiscal 2023. Vehicle costs and charging facilities remain obstacles. In 2025, even Tokyo’s city-run bus service began by testing two electric buses in a pilot project. For an operator already struggling to keep its routes running, a subsidy for buying electric buses is not enough. It also needs charging facilities and a way to cover the cost of changing its daily operations.

日本も電気バスを支援していますが、現在の条件のもとでは、同様の全国規模や都市規模の転換は難しいです。政府の調査では、2023年度に日本のバス事業者のほぼ4分の3が赤字でした。車両費用と充電施設は、依然として障害です。2025年には、東京都が運営するバスでさえ、パイロット事業で2台の電気バスを試験することから始めました。すでに路線の運行維持に苦しんでいる事業者にとって、電気バス購入の補助金だけでは十分ではありません。充電施設と、日々の運行を変えるコストを賄う方法も必要なのです。

So, can a government plan innovation? Shenzhen shows that it can plan the spread of a technology by coordinating operators, equipment, land, and money—and by accepting a substantial share of the cost. Japan’s slower approach brings that choice into view. Setting a target is straightforward; deciding who will pay for the entire transition, and bringing everyone needed to carry it out together, is the difficult part.

では、政府はイノベーションを計画できるのでしょうか。深圳は、運営者、設備、土地、資金を調整し、コストのかなりの部分を引き受けることで、技術の普及を計画できることを示しています。日本のより遅い進め方は、その選択をはっきりさせます。目標を設定することは簡単です。移行全体の費用を誰が払うかを決め、それを実行するために必要な全員をまとめることこそが、難しい部分なのです。

Vocabulary

  1. fleet — a group of vehicles used by an organization or for a particular service. Example: The company plans to replace its bus fleet.
  2. upfront — paid or required at the beginning. Example: Electric buses have a higher upfront purchase price.
  3. infrastructure — the facilities and systems needed for a service to work. Example: Charging infrastructure must be ready before more electric buses arrive.
  4. subsidies — government payments that help reduce the cost of an activity or product. Example: Subsidies helped operators purchase the new buses.
  5. approvals — official permissions to do something. Example: The company needed approvals before building a charging station.
  6. leasing — using something for regular payments instead of purchasing it immediately. Example: Leasing allowed the operator to spread the cost of its buses.
  7. lifetime cost — the total cost of buying, using, and maintaining something over its useful life. Example: A cheaper purchase price does not always mean a lower lifetime cost.
  8. pilot — a small-scale test carried out before a larger project. Example: The city began with a pilot to learn how the buses would perform.

Comprehension Questions

  1. What did Shenzhen complete in 2017?
    1. The invention of the electric bus
    2. The conversion of its entire public bus fleet to electric power
    3. The construction of a national rail network
    4. The replacement of all private cars

    深圳は2017年に何を完了しましたか?

  2. Why did the transition require more than buying electric buses?
    1. Operators also needed charging facilities and workable schedules.
    2. Electric buses were not allowed on public roads.
    3. Passengers had to purchase the buses themselves.
    4. The buses could only run outside Shenzhen.

    その移行に、電気バスを買うこと以上が必要だったのはなぜですか?

  3. What did the World Bank study show about Shenzhen Bus Group?
    1. Electric buses were cheaper than diesel buses even without subsidies.
    2. Subsidies made the operator’s estimated lifetime cost of electric buses lower.
    3. Charging facilities had no cost.
    4. The company paid for the entire transition without public support.

    世界銀行の研究は、深圳バスグループについて何を示しましたか?

  4. What does the article say about Japan?
    1. It offers no support for electric buses.
    2. All of its bus operators are profitable.
    3. Financial pressure and charging needs make a rapid, large-scale switch difficult.
    4. Tokyo completed the conversion of its entire bus fleet in 2025.

    記事は日本について何と述べていますか?

  5. According to the article, what can a government plan?
    1. The exact invention that engineers will discover next
    2. The conditions that allow a technology to spread widely
    3. A transition that requires no public spending
    4. The decisions of every passenger

    記事によると、政府が計画できるのは何ですか?

Discussion Questions

  1. Why might subsidies for individual buses be insufficient to convert an entire city’s bus fleet?

    個々のバスへの補助金では、都市全体のバス車両を転換するのに不十分になりうるのはなぜでしょうか?

  2. When might it be reasonable for a government to cover part of the cost of switching to electric buses?

    政府が電気バスへの転換コストの一部を負担することが妥当になりうるのは、どのような場合でしょうか?

  3. What might make it difficult for a bus operator that is already losing money to join a rapid transition?

    すでに赤字のバス事業者が、急速な移行に参加しにくくなる要因は何でしょうか?

  4. What can a small pilot project reveal that a government target cannot?

    小さなパイロット事業は、政府の目標では示せない何を明らかにできるでしょうか?

  5. If a Japanese city wanted to move faster, which organizations would need to work together, and what would they need to decide?

    日本の都市がより速く進みたい場合、どの組織が協力する必要があり、何を決める必要があるでしょうか?

Speaking Practice

A friend says, “Shenzhen changed all its buses, so Japan should simply set the same target.” Respond in about one minute. Explain what Shenzhen coordinated, why costs mattered, and what a Japanese city would need to arrange before making a similar commitment.

友人がこう言います。「深圳はすべてのバスを変えたのだから、日本も同じ目標を設定すればよい。」約1分間で答えてください。深圳が何を調整したか、なぜコストが重要だったか、日本の都市が同様の約束をする前に何を整える必要があるかを説明してください。