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The Middle East: Alliances Without Friendship

Day 2: Why Has Saudi Arabia Stopped Short of Recognizing Israel?

中東:友情なき同盟 ― 第2日:サウジアラビアはなぜイスラエル承認の一歩手前で踏みとどまっているのか

Empty formal negotiating hall in Riyadh at dusk with an unsigned document and pen on the table

In July 2026, U.S. President Donald Trump said that a proposed civil nuclear agreement with Saudi Arabia would not proceed unless Riyadh established formal relations with Israel. Saudi Arabia still refused to offer diplomatic recognition. Its stated condition was an irreversible path toward a Palestinian state. The disagreement revealed a central question: if closer ties with Israel could bring Saudi Arabia important benefits, why has the kingdom not followed the UAE?

2026年7月、ドナルド・トランプ米大統領は、サウジアラビアとの民生用原子力協定案は、リヤドがイスラエルと正式な関係を結ばない限り進まないと述べました。それでもサウジアラビアは外交承認を拒みました。同国が示した条件は、パレスチナ国家に向けた後戻りできない道筋でした。この対立は一つの中心的な問いを浮かび上がらせました。イスラエルとの関係強化がサウジアラビアに重要な利益をもたらしうるなら、なぜ王国はUAEに続かないのでしょうか?

Saudi Arabia has several reasons to consider such an agreement. Israel has advanced defense technology and intelligence capabilities, while Washington could offer nuclear technology and deeper security cooperation. Riyadh can therefore use the possibility of recognizing Israel as bargaining power in negotiations with the United States. Once recognition is granted, however, Saudi Arabia cannot easily offer it again in exchange for future concessions.

サウジアラビアには、そのような合意を検討する理由がいくつかあります。イスラエルは先進的な防衛技術と情報能力を持ち、ワシントンは原子力技術とより深い安全保障協力を提供できます。そのためリヤドは、イスラエルを承認する可能性を、アメリカとの交渉における交渉力として使うことができます。しかし一度承認を与えてしまえば、サウジアラビアは将来の譲歩と引き換えにそれを再び差し出すことは簡単にはできません。

The political cost is also higher for Saudi Arabia than it was for the UAE. The Saudi king is the custodian of Islam’s two holiest mosques, and the kingdom presents itself as a leading Arab and Muslim state. Recognizing Israel without meaningful progress for Palestinians could damage Saudi Arabia’s regional legitimacy. The UAE’s decision in 2020 was important, but Saudi leaders cannot simply copy it under different political and religious conditions.

政治的なコストも、UAEの場合よりサウジアラビアの方が高くなります。サウジ国王はイスラム教の二大聖モスクの守護者であり、王国は自らをアラブとイスラム世界を率いる国家として示しています。パレスチナ人にとって意味のある進展がないままイスラエルを承認すれば、サウジアラビアの地域における正統性が損なわれかねません。2020年のUAEの決断は重要でしたが、政治的・宗教的な条件が異なる中で、サウジの指導者はそれを単純にまねることはできません。

Iran adds another layer. Saudi Arabia and Israel both regard Iran’s missiles, nuclear activities, and support for armed groups as security concerns. This creates a reason for quiet cooperation and stronger deterrence. However, it does not automatically make the two countries allies. Iran supports regional groups that are often called proxies, but these groups also have their own local interests. The Houthis in Yemen, for example, are aligned with Iran but make decisions based partly on Yemen’s own conflict.

イランがさらに別の層を加えます。サウジアラビアとイスラエルはともに、イランのミサイル、核活動、武装勢力への支援を安全保障上の懸念と見ています。これは水面下の協力とより強い抑止の理由になります。しかし、それで両国が自動的に同盟国になるわけではありません。イランはしばしば代理勢力と呼ばれる地域の集団を支援していますが、これらの集団にも独自の地元の利害があります。例えばイエメンのフーシ派はイランと連携していますが、その判断の一部はイエメン自身の紛争に基づいています。

Saudi Arabia must also consider its physical vulnerability. Its cities, oil facilities, and shipping routes can be attacked from nearby areas. In 2023, Riyadh restored diplomatic relations with Tehran as part of a policy of de-escalation. This did not mean that Saudi Arabia trusted Iran. It was an attempt to reduce immediate dangers and create a calmer environment for economic development. Renewed Houthi attacks and the wider Iran conflict in 2026 have shown how fragile that strategy can be.

サウジアラビアは物理的な脆弱性も考慮しなければなりません。同国の都市、石油施設、航路は、近隣の地域から攻撃される可能性があります。2023年、リヤドは緊張緩和政策の一環としてテヘランとの外交関係を回復しました。これはサウジアラビアがイランを信頼したという意味ではありません。目の前の危険を減らし、経済発展のためにより落ち着いた環境をつくろうとする試みでした。フーシ派による攻撃の再開と、2026年のより広いイラン紛争は、その戦略がいかにもろいものになりうるかを示しました。

For this reason, Saudi policy may appear contradictory. The kingdom strengthens security partnerships, keeps communication open with Iran, and discusses possible cooperation with Israel without formally recognizing it. This gives Riyadh more room for maneuver. Joining a clear anti-Iran bloc could make Saudi Arabia a larger target, while moving too close to Iran could weaken its relations with the United States and other security partners.

このため、サウジの政策は矛盾しているように見えるかもしれません。王国は安全保障上の協力関係を強め、イランとの対話の窓口を開いたままにし、正式に承認することなくイスラエルとの協力の可能性を話し合っています。これによりリヤドは、より大きな行動の余地を得ています。明確な反イラン陣営に加われば、サウジアラビアはより大きな標的になりかねず、一方でイランに近づきすぎれば、アメリカやその他の安全保障上のパートナーとの関係が弱まりかねません。

Saudi Arabia’s hesitation is therefore not simply indecision or hostility toward Israel. It is a way of protecting several interests at once: security, relations with Washington, regional influence, economic development, and the Palestinian question. Recognition may still happen, but Riyadh wants the price—and the political conditions—to reflect Saudi Arabia’s importance. In the Middle East, countries may share an enemy without becoming friends, and they may negotiate with a rival without trusting it.

したがって、サウジアラビアのためらいは、単なる優柔不断やイスラエルへの敵意ではありません。それは複数の利益を同時に守る方法です。安全保障、ワシントンとの関係、地域での影響力、経済発展、そしてパレスチナ問題です。承認はいずれ実現するかもしれませんが、リヤドはその代償―そして政治的条件―がサウジアラビアの重要性に見合うものであることを望んでいます。中東では、国々は友人にならなくても敵を共有することがあり、信頼しなくてもライバルと交渉することがあるのです。

Vocabulary

  1. diplomatic recognition — the formal acceptance of another country and its government as legitimate. Example: Diplomatic recognition allowed the two governments to open embassies in each other’s capitals.
  2. irreversible — impossible or extremely difficult to change back to the previous condition. Example: Scientists warned that the destruction of the forest could become irreversible.
  3. bargaining power — the ability to influence negotiations because you have something the other side wants. Example: Workers gained greater bargaining power when several companies began competing to hire them.
  4. custodian — a person or organization responsible for protecting or taking care of something important. Example: The museum acts as a custodian of objects from the country’s ancient past.
  5. legitimacy — the quality of being accepted as lawful, proper, or deserving of authority. Example: A fair election can strengthen the legitimacy of a new government.
  6. deterrence — the use of strength or the threat of action to prevent an attack. Example: The country argued that a strong defense system was necessary for deterrence.
  7. proxy — a person or group that acts in support of a more powerful actor, sometimes indirectly or with its assistance. Example: The two powers avoided fighting each other directly but supported different proxies in the civil war.
  8. de-escalation — the process of reducing the intensity or danger of a conflict. Example: Both armies moved away from the border as a first step toward de-escalation.
  9. room for maneuver — the freedom to change your actions or position as a situation develops. Example: The short-term agreement gave both sides room for maneuver during later negotiations.

Comprehension Questions

  1. What condition did President Trump attach to the proposed U.S.–Saudi civil nuclear agreement in 2026?
    1. Saudi Arabia had to end its oil exports.
    2. Saudi Arabia had to recognize Israel.
    3. Israel had to withdraw from the UAE.
    4. Iran had to reopen its embassy in Riyadh.

    2026年、トランプ大統領は米サウジ民生用原子力協定案にどのような条件を付けましたか?

  2. Why does recognizing Israel carry a particularly high political cost for Saudi Arabia?
    1. Saudi Arabia has no economic relations with the United States.
    2. Israel refuses to share any technology with Arab countries.
    3. Saudi Arabia’s religious and regional role makes the Palestinian issue especially important.
    4. The UAE has forbidden Saudi Arabia from joining the Abraham Accords.

    イスラエルを承認することが、サウジアラビアにとって特に高い政治的コストを伴うのはなぜですか?

  3. How does the article interpret Saudi Arabia’s restoration of relations with Iran in 2023?
    1. It proved that Saudi Arabia and Iran had become close allies.
    2. It was an attempt to reduce danger rather than an expression of trust.
    3. It ended Saudi Arabia’s security relationship with the United States.
    4. It placed the Houthis under Saudi control.

    記事は、2023年にサウジアラビアがイランとの関係を回復したことをどのように解釈していますか?

  4. Why might Saudi Arabia avoid joining a clear anti-Iran bloc?
    1. It has no concerns about Iranian military power.
    2. It wants Iran to control regional shipping routes.
    3. It could become a more obvious target for attacks.
    4. It plans to end all cooperation with Western countries.

    サウジアラビアが明確な反イラン陣営に加わるのを避けるのはなぜだと考えられますか?

  5. What is the central argument of the article?
    1. Saudi Arabia has permanently rejected all relations with Israel.
    2. Saudi policy is shaped only by religious beliefs.
    3. Saudi Arabia is balancing several interests before making a difficult diplomatic decision.
    4. Saudi Arabia and Iran now agree on the future of the Middle East.

    記事の中心的な主張は何ですか?

Discussion Questions

  1. Should Saudi Arabia refuse to recognize Israel until there is meaningful progress toward a Palestinian state? Why or why not?

    サウジアラビアは、パレスチナ国家に向けた意味のある進展があるまでイスラエルの承認を拒むべきですか?その理由は何ですか?

  2. Can two countries cooperate on security without formally recognizing each other? What problems might this create?

    二つの国は、互いを正式に承認しないまま安全保障で協力できますか?それはどのような問題を生む可能性がありますか?

  3. Is keeping communication open with both allies and rivals a wise strategy, or can it make a country appear unreliable?

    同盟国ともライバルとも対話を続けるのは賢い戦略ですか、それとも国を信頼できないように見せてしまうことがありますか?

  4. Should the United States connect nuclear cooperation with Saudi recognition of Israel, or should the two issues be negotiated separately?

    アメリカは原子力協力をサウジのイスラエル承認と結びつけるべきですか、それとも二つの問題は別々に交渉すべきですか?

  5. Conflict in the Gulf can affect oil supplies and shipping routes used by Japan. What should Japan do to reduce this risk?

    湾岸地域の紛争は、日本が利用する石油供給や航路に影響を与えることがあります。このリスクを減らすために日本は何をすべきですか?

Speaking Practice

Speak for about one minute about whether Saudi Arabia should establish diplomatic relations with Israel.

サウジアラビアはイスラエルと外交関係を結ぶべきかどうかについて、約1分間話してください。

Include:

  • one possible benefit for Saudi Arabia

    サウジアラビアにとって考えられる利益一つ

  • the importance of the Palestinian issue

    パレスチナ問題の重要性

  • how Iran affects Saudi calculations

    イランがサウジの判断にどう影響するか

  • whether waiting gives Saudi Arabia useful bargaining power

    待つことがサウジアラビアに有用な交渉力を与えるかどうか

  • your own conclusion and reason

    あなた自身の結論とその理由