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When Mountains Become Dangerous

Day 3: Why Does Japan Still Face Deadly Landslides?

山が危険になるとき ― 第3日:日本はなぜ今も致命的な土砂崩れに直面するのか

Steep Japanese mountainside after a rain-triggered landslide beside a wet road

In September 2026, Typhoon Dujuan battered Japan’s Pacific coast with torrential rain. Landslides killed at least four people, six others were reported missing, and about 45,000 homes lost power. Earlier that month, Nagoya recorded 104.5 millimetres of rain in a single hour, while landslides struck areas including Mount Fuji. Japan has advanced weather forecasts and disaster-warning systems. Why, then, do landslides continue to cause deaths?

2026年9月、台風杜鵑(ドゥジュアン)が日本の太平洋岸を豪雨で襲いました。土砂崩れで少なくとも4人が死亡し、他に6人が行方不明と報じられ、約45,000戸が停電しました。その月の初めには、名古屋で1時間に104.5ミリの雨が記録され、富士山周辺を含む地域でも土砂崩れが起きました。日本には進んだ天気予報と災害警報システムがあります。では、なぜ土砂崩れは今も死者を出し続けるのでしょうか?

Geography is part of the answer. Much of Japan is mountainous, while many homes, roads, and railway lines have been built in narrow valleys or close to steep slopes. The country is also prone to typhoons and seasonal rain. This places large numbers of people and important transport routes close to areas where soil and rock may become unstable.

地理がその答えの一部です。日本の多くは山がちで、一方で多くの家、道路、鉄道路線が狭い谷や急斜面の近くに建てられてきました。国はまた、台風と季節の雨に見舞われやすいです。これは多数の人々と重要な交通路を、土と岩が不安定になりうる場所の近くに置くことになります。

The danger grows as rain enters the ground. At first, soil can absorb a large amount of water. After hours or days of rain, however, it becomes saturated. Water fills the spaces between soil and rocks, reducing the friction that helps hold a slope in place. Once the amount of water passes a critical threshold, part of the hillside can move suddenly, sometimes with little visible warning.

危険は雨が地面に入るにつれて大きくなります。最初、土は大量の水を吸収できます。しかし何時間も何日も雨が続いたあと、土は飽和します。水が土と岩のあいだの空間を満たし、斜面をその場に保つのを助ける摩擦を減らします。水量が重要な閾値を超えると、斜面の一部は突然動くことがあり、ときには目に見える警告がほとんどありません。

The speed and location of the rain create another problem. A linear rainband can repeatedly send powerful rain clouds over the same narrow area. One neighbourhood may receive extreme rainfall while another nearby receives much less. Forecasts can show where dangerous rain is likely, but it remains difficult to pinpoint exactly which slope will fail and when.

雨の速さと場所は別の問題を生みます。線状降水帯は、同じ狭い地域の上に強力な雨雲を繰り返し送ることができます。一つの地区が極端な降雨を受ける一方で、近くの別の地区ははるかに少ない場合があります。予報は危険な雨が起きそうな場所を示せますが、どの斜面がいつ失敗するかを正確に特定するのは依然として難しいです。

Japan tries to manage this uncertainty through risk maps, rainfall measurements, and a five-level warning system. Yet receiving a warning is not the same as reaching safety. Residents must decide whether to leave, where to go, and which route remains usable. Some people hesitate when their homes still appear safe, while others may receive an evacuation order at night or after roads have already become dangerous. To heed a warning often means acting before the danger is visible.

日本はリスク地図、雨量測定、五段階の警報システムを通じてこの不確実性を管理しようとします。しかし警告を受けることは、安全に到達することと同じではありません。住民は、出るかどうか、どこへ行くか、どの道がまだ使えるかを決めなければなりません。家がまだ安全に見えるときためらう人もいれば、夜や道路がすでに危険になったあとに避難指示を受ける人もいます。警告に従うことはしばしば、危険が見える前に行動することを意味します。

Physical protection also plays an important role. Japan has built drainage systems, reinforced slopes, protective nets, and sabo dams that control moving soil and rocks. These countermeasures have protected many communities, but they cannot cover every hillside. New danger may also appear outside previously identified areas, while unusually intense rain can exceed what older structures were designed to manage.

物理的な防護も重要な役割を果たします。日本は排水システム、補強された斜面、防護ネット、動く土と岩を制御する砂防ダムを建設してきました。これらの対策は多くの共同体を守ってきましたが、すべての斜面を覆うことはできません。新しい危険は以前に特定された区域の外にも現れることがあり、異常に激しい雨は、古い構造物が管理するよう設計された量を超えることがあります。

The Nepal–Tibet disaster and Japan’s recent landslides began in different ways. Nepal experienced a massive failure of glacier ice and rock, while Japan’s landslides were mainly connected to rain entering and weakening slopes. The shared lesson is not that the hazards are identical. It is that natural processes can outpace both protective infrastructure and human decision-making. Disaster preparedness cannot remove every danger, but it can create the time people need to move before their escape routes disappear.

ネパールとチベットの災害と、日本の最近の土砂崩れは、違う始まり方をしました。ネパールは氷河の氷と岩の大規模な失敗を経験し、一方で日本の土砂崩れは主に、雨が斜面に入って弱めることに結びついていました。共有される教訓は、危険が同一だということではありません。自然の過程が防護インフラと人間の意思決定の両方を上回ることがある、ということです。災害への備えはすべての危険を取り除くことはできませんが、逃げ道が消える前に人々が動くのに必要な時間を作り出すことはできます。

Vocabulary

  1. batter — to strike or damage something repeatedly with great force. Example: Powerful waves may batter the coast throughout the night.
  2. torrential — extremely heavy and continuing with great force, especially when describing rain. Example: Torrential rain flooded roads and forced residents to leave their homes.
  3. be prone to — to be likely to experience a particular problem or condition. Example: Mountainous areas may be prone to landslides after heavy rain.
  4. saturated — completely filled or soaked with liquid. Example: The ground became saturated after several days of rain.
  5. threshold — a level at which something begins to happen or change. Example: Once rainfall reaches a certain threshold, the risk of flooding rises sharply.
  6. linear rainband — a long, narrow area of rain clouds that repeatedly produces heavy rain over the same location. Example: A linear rainband brought several hours of intense rain to the region.
  7. pinpoint — to identify the exact position, cause, or nature of something. Example: Scientists cannot always pinpoint where a landslide will occur.
  8. heed a warning — to pay attention to a warning and act accordingly. Example: Residents were advised to heed a warning before conditions became dangerous.
  9. countermeasure — an action taken to prevent or reduce a danger or problem. Example: The city built concrete barriers as a countermeasure against landslides.
  10. outpace — to develop or increase faster than something else. Example: Climate-related risks may outpace the construction of new protective structures.

Comprehension Questions

  1. What happened when Typhoon Dujuan affected Japan?
    1. All railway services permanently closed.
    2. Heavy rain caused deadly landslides and power outages.
    3. Mount Fuji erupted during the storm.
    4. No evacuation warnings were issued.

    台風ドゥジュアンが日本に影響したとき、何が起きましたか?

  2. Why are many Japanese communities exposed to landslide risk?
    1. Most people live on high mountain peaks.
    2. Japan has very few systems for measuring rainfall.
    3. Many homes and transport routes are located near steep slopes.
    4. The country receives almost no seasonal rain.

    多くの日本の共同体が土砂崩れのリスクにさらされているのはなぜですか?

  3. What happens when soil becomes saturated?
    1. Water reduces the friction that helps hold the slope in place.
    2. The soil becomes permanently frozen.
    3. Rainwater immediately returns to the atmosphere.
    4. The slope becomes stronger and more stable.

    土が飽和すると何が起きますか?

  4. Why are linear rainbands especially dangerous?
    1. They always produce earthquakes.
    2. They move all rainfall away from mountain regions.
    3. They can be stopped by ordinary drainage systems.
    4. They can repeatedly bring intense rain to one narrow area.

    線状降水帯が特に危険なのはなぜですか?

  5. What is the article’s main conclusion?
    1. Japan and Nepal experienced exactly the same type of disaster.
    2. Preparedness reduces danger but cannot prevent every landslide.
    3. Weather warnings are unnecessary when protective structures exist.
    4. People should wait until they can see a landslide before evacuating.

    記事の主な結論は何ですか?

Discussion Questions

  1. Do you check local risk maps when heavy rain is forecast?

    大雨が予報されるとき、地元のリスク地図を確認しますか?

  2. Why might people hesitate to evacuate after receiving a warning?

    警告を受けたあと、人々が避難をためらうのはなぜですか?

  3. Should governments spend more money on protective structures or move residents away from high-risk areas?

    政府は防護構造物により多くの金を使うべきですか、それとも住民を高リスク地域から移すべきですか?

  4. How can authorities make disaster warnings easier to understand and act upon?

    当局は災害警報を理解し行動しやすくするにはどうすればよいですか?

  5. What can Japan and Nepal learn from each other about mountain disasters?

    日本とネパールは山岳災害について互いに何を学べますか?

Speaking Practice

Speak for about one minute about why landslides remain dangerous in Japan.

日本で土砂崩れがなぜ今も危険なのかについて、約1分間話してください。

Include:

  • one recent example of extreme rainfall

    極端な降雨の最近の例一つ

  • how rain weakens a slope

    雨がどう斜面を弱めるか

  • one limit of warning systems or physical countermeasures

    警報システムまたは物理的対策の限界一つ

  • one lesson from the Nepal–Tibet disaster

    ネパールとチベットの災害からの教訓一つ

Use at least three vocabulary expressions from the article.

記事の語彙表現を少なくとも三つ使ってください。