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Okinawa and the U.S. Bases — Security, Burden, and Trust

Day 2: Why Does Okinawa Carry So Much of the Burden?

沖縄と米軍基地 ― 安全保障、負担、そして信頼 ― 第2日:なぜ沖縄はこれほど大きな負担を背負っているのか

An old coral-stone wall on a hillside overlooking Okinawan houses with red-tiled roofs and a large military airfield stretching toward the sea

Okinawa accounts for only about 0.6% of Japan’s land area, yet it contains roughly 70% of the total land area of facilities used exclusively by U.S. forces in Japan. This figure measures land, rather than the number of bases or troops. Why has such a large military presence become concentrated in one small prefecture? The answer begins with a war that ended more than eighty years ago.

沖縄は日本の国土面積のわずか約0.6%を占めるにすぎませんが、日本国内で米軍が専用で使用する施設の総面積の約70%がそこにあります。この数字は、基地や兵士の数ではなく、土地の面積を測ったものです。なぜ、これほど大きな軍事的存在が一つの小さな県に集中するようになったのでしょうか。その答えは、80年以上前に終わった戦争から始まります。

In 1945, Okinawa became the scene of a brutal ground battle between Japanese and U.S. forces. Civilians were caught in the fighting, and entire communities were destroyed. American forces built military facilities on land that included villages and farmland. Some residents who had fled or been placed in camps later found that they could not return home: their land had become part of a military base.

1945年、沖縄は日本軍と米軍の間で行われた凄惨な地上戦の舞台となりました。民間人が戦闘に巻き込まれ、地域社会がまるごと破壊されました。米軍は、村や農地を含む土地の上に軍事施設を建設しました。避難していた住民や収容所に入れられていた住民の中には、後になって家に帰れないことを知った人々もいました。自分たちの土地が軍事基地の一部になっていたのです。

After Japan’s defeat, the country was placed under Allied occupation, meaning that the victorious countries, led by the United States, controlled its government. In 1952, this occupation ended on the mainland, and Japan regained its sovereignty—the authority to govern itself. Okinawa, however, remained under U.S. administration. Meanwhile, the Cold War increased its military importance, especially after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 and the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950.

日本の敗戦後、国は連合国による占領下に置かれました。つまり、アメリカを中心とする戦勝国が日本の統治を管理したということです。1952年、本土ではこの占領が終わり、日本は主権、すなわち自らを統治する権限を回復しました。しかし沖縄は、引き続きアメリカの施政下に置かれました。その一方で、冷戦によって、特に1949年の中華人民共和国の成立と1950年の朝鮮戦争の勃発の後、沖縄の軍事的な重要性は高まりました。

During the 1950s, U.S. authorities forcibly acquired more land in Okinawa, using armed soldiers and heavy machinery in operations remembered as “bayonets and bulldozers.” Meanwhile, opposition to bases grew on the mainland, where some facilities were reduced or closed. Marine units were also relocated to Okinawa. The growing imbalance therefore reflected political decisions and different postwar experiences as well as military geography.

1950年代、アメリカ当局は武装した兵士と重機を使って、沖縄でさらに多くの土地を強制的に接収しました。この接収は「銃剣とブルドーザー」として記憶されています。その一方で、本土では基地への反対が強まり、一部の施設は縮小または閉鎖されました。海兵隊の部隊も沖縄へ移駐しました。したがって、広がっていく不均衡は、軍事的な地理だけでなく、政治的な決定や戦後の異なる経験も反映していたのです。

On May 15, 1972, Okinawa returned to Japanese administration after twenty-seven years of U.S. rule. This reversion restored Japanese government authority, but many bases remained under the Japan–U.S. security arrangements. Today, Japan’s government argues that Okinawa’s proximity to Taiwan, China and important sea routes allows rapid responses to regional crises and strengthens deterrence—discouraging an attack by making its likely costs clear. Geography helps explain the value of a military presence, but does not settle how much of the burden Okinawa should carry.

1972年5月15日、沖縄は27年間にわたるアメリカの統治を経て、日本の施政下に戻りました。この本土復帰によって日本政府の権限は回復しましたが、多くの基地は日米安全保障体制のもとで残されました。現在、日本政府は、沖縄が台湾や中国、重要な海上交通路に近いことで、地域の危機に迅速に対応でき、抑止力が高まると主張しています。抑止力とは、攻撃をした場合に生じうる代償を明確にすることで、攻撃を思いとどまらせることです。地理は軍事的存在の価値を説明する助けにはなりますが、沖縄がどれだけの負担を背負うべきかという問題に答えを出すものではありません。

For residents, that burden extends beyond base fences. Aircraft noise, accidents and environmental concerns affect surrounding communities. Debates about bases therefore involve both security and fairness. Some military land has been returned, but the concentration has persisted. Japan still faces the responsibility of deciding how the costs of national security should be shared, rather than allowing decisions made decades ago to determine that distribution indefinitely.

住民にとって、その負担は基地のフェンスの外にまで及んでいます。航空機の騒音、事故、環境への懸念が、周辺の地域社会に影響を与えています。そのため、基地をめぐる議論は、安全保障と公平性の両方に関わっています。一部の軍用地は返還されましたが、基地の集中は続いています。日本は今もなお、何十年も前に下された決定にその配分をいつまでも委ねるのではなく、国の安全保障のコストをどのように分かち合うべきかを決める責任に直面しているのです。

Vocabulary

  1. concentrate — to bring or gather things together in one place. Example: Most of the country’s major industries are concentrated in a few cities.
  2. brutal — extremely violent, cruel, or harsh. Example: The brutal fighting forced thousands of families to leave their homes.
  3. sovereignty — the authority of a country to govern itself independently. Example: The country regained its sovereignty after years of foreign rule.
  4. forcibly — using physical force or acting against someone’s will. Example: Residents were forcibly removed from their homes.
  5. bayonet — a long blade attached to the end of a rifle, used as a weapon in close fighting. Example: The soldiers carried rifles with bayonets attached.
  6. relocate — to move someone or something to a different place. Example: The company relocated its headquarters to another city.
  7. reversion — the return of a place to the control of a country or government that previously governed it. Example: Okinawa’s reversion to Japanese administration took place in 1972.
  8. proximity — the state of being near someone or something in distance. Example: Okinawa’s proximity to Taiwan contributes to its strategic importance.
  9. deterrence — the prevention of an attack or other action by making its likely costs or consequences clear. Example: The government considers deterrence an important part of its defense policy.

Comprehension Questions

  1. What does the figure of roughly 70% refer to?
    1. The share of all U.S. troops in Asia stationed in Okinawa.
    2. The share of Okinawa’s land occupied by U.S. bases.
    3. Okinawa’s share of the total land area of facilities used exclusively by U.S. forces in Japan.
    4. The share of U.S. military facilities in Japan counted by number.

    約70%という数字は何を指していますか?

  2. Why were some Okinawan residents unable to return home after the fighting?
    1. Their land had become part of a military base.
    2. The Japanese government had permanently prohibited civilian settlement throughout Okinawa.
    3. They were required to move to mainland Japan.
    4. Their communities had refused to accept returning residents.

    戦闘の後、一部の沖縄の住民が家に帰れなかったのはなぜですか?

  3. What happened in 1952?
    1. Okinawa returned to Japanese administration.
    2. All U.S. bases on mainland Japan closed.
    3. U.S. administration of Okinawa ended.
    4. The occupation ended on the mainland, while Okinawa remained under U.S. administration.

    1952年に何が起こりましたか?

  4. What helped produce the growing imbalance between Okinawa and mainland Japan?
    1. Okinawa’s return to Japanese administration required mainland bases to move there.
    2. Some mainland facilities were reduced or closed, while land acquisition and troop relocation increased Okinawa’s military presence.
    3. Mainland Japan stopped participating in the Japan–U.S. security arrangements.
    4. Okinawa’s residents requested that all Marine units be transferred to the prefecture.

    沖縄と本土の間で広がっていく不均衡を生み出す一因となったのは何ですか?

  5. Which statement best expresses the article’s central point?
    1. Military geography alone explains the present distribution of bases.
    2. Okinawa’s reversion removed most of the burdens associated with bases.
    3. History and geography help explain the concentration, but how the burden should be shared remains a national responsibility.
    4. Returning military land would remove every source of disagreement about national security.

    記事の中心的な主張を最もよく表しているのはどの文ですか?

Discussion Questions

  1. Which parts of Okinawa’s postwar history do you think people elsewhere in Japan most need to understand? Why?

    沖縄の戦後史のどの部分を、日本のほかの地域の人々が最も理解する必要があると思いますか?それはなぜですか?

  2. How should a government assess whether one region carries an unfair share of a national security burden?

    ある地域が国の安全保障の負担を不公平に多く背負っているかどうかを、政府はどのように評価すべきでしょうか?

  3. When a location has strategic advantages, what other factors should influence decisions about keeping military facilities there?

    ある場所に戦略的な利点がある場合、そこに軍事施設を置き続けるかどうかの判断には、ほかにどのような要素が影響すべきでしょうか?

  4. What should governments consider when returning former military land to civilian use?

    かつての軍用地を民間の利用に戻す際、政府は何を考慮すべきでしょうか?

  5. How can people living far from military bases participate more meaningfully in discussions about their benefits and costs?

    軍事基地から遠く離れて暮らす人々は、基地の利益とコストをめぐる議論に、どうすればより意味のある形で参加できるでしょうか?

Speaking Practice

Speak for about one minute on why U.S. military facilities became concentrated in Okinawa.

米軍施設がなぜ沖縄に集中するようになったのかについて、約1分間話してください。

Include:

次の点を含めてください。

  • how the bases developed during and after World War II

    第二次世界大戦中と戦後に、基地がどのように形成されていったか

  • how Okinawa’s experience after 1952 differed from that of mainland Japan

    1952年以降の沖縄の経験が、本土とどのように異なっていたか

  • what changed—and what remained—in 1972

    1972年に何が変わり、何が残ったのか

  • why the distribution of the burden remains an issue today

    負担の配分が、なぜ今も問題であり続けているのか