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What Sick-Leave Statistics Tell Us About Work

Day 1: What Does Germany’s Sick-Leave Number Really Mean?

病欠統計が仕事について示すもの ― 第1日:ドイツの病欠日数は本当に何を意味するのか

Empty German office desk with medical certificate suggesting sick-leave statistics

Germany is debating whether its workers take too much sick leave. Employers worry about lost working time, while the government is considering plans to tighten the rules for medical certificates. Others argue that the real problems are poor working conditions and long-term illness. Behind this debate is a striking figure: employees covered by one large health insurer were medically certified as unable to work for an average of 19.5 days in 2025.

ドイツでは、労働者が病欠を取りすぎているかどうかが議論されています。雇用主は失われた労働時間を心配し、政府は診断書の規則を厳しくする計画を検討しています。他の人は、本当の問題は劣悪な労働条件と長期的な病気だと主張します。この議論の背後には、目を引く数字があります。ある大規模な健康保険組合がカバーする従業員は、2025年に平均19.5日間、働けないと医学的に証明されました。

The figure comes from DAK-Gesundheit, which examined data from about 2.4 million employed members. It is not based on a survey asking people to remember their absences. It comes from medical certificates recorded by Germany’s health insurance system. This makes it a strong source of information, although it represents DAK members rather than every worker in the country.

この数字はDAK-Gesundheitによるもので、約240万人の就業会員のデータを調べたものです。欠勤を思い出すよう人々に求める調査に基づくものではありません。ドイツの健康保険制度に記録された診断書から来ています。これにより、国のすべての労働者ではなくDAKの会員を代表するとはいえ、強い情報源となっています。

The 19.5 days are calendar days, not working days. A medical certificate covering Thursday through Tuesday includes Saturday and Sunday, even if the employee does not normally work at the weekend. For a person working five days a week, 19.5 calendar days would amount to roughly 14 working days. This helps explain why Germany’s Federal Statistical Office has reported a lower figure of about 15 working days.

19.5日は暦日であり、労働日ではありません。木曜日から火曜日までの診断書には、従業員が通常週末に働いていなくても、土曜日と日曜日が含まれます。週5日働く人にとって、19.5暦日はおよそ14労働日に相当します。これが、ドイツ連邦統計局が約15労働日というより低い数字を報告している理由の説明に役立ちます。

Another part of the rise in reported sick leave may come from better measurement. Since doctors began sending medical certificates electronically, insurers have been able to capture absences that might previously have been lost in paperwork. Recorded sick leave rose sharply in 2022. During the same period, Germany experienced widespread respiratory infections, including COVID-19 and influenza, which caused many genuine absences from work. The increase therefore reflected both better reporting and a larger number of illnesses—not a sudden change in workers’ attitudes toward taking sick leave.

報告された病欠の増加の別の部分は、より良い測定から来るかもしれません。医師が診断書を電子的に送り始めてから、保険組合は以前は書類の中で失われていたかもしれない欠勤をとらえられるようになりました。記録された病欠は2022年に急増しました。同じ期間に、ドイツはCOVID-19やインフルエンザを含む呼吸器感染症の流行を経験し、それが多くの本当の欠勤を引き起こしました。したがって増加は、病欠を取ることに対する労働者の態度の突然の変化ではなく、より良い報告とより多くの病気の両方を反映していました。

The illnesses behind the figures also matter. Respiratory diseases, mental health conditions, and muscle and joint problems together accounted for about half of the sick days in the DAK data. Mental health-related absences increased by 6.9 percent in 2025 and often lasted a long time. A medical certificate lasted almost ten days on average, while cases involving workers over 60 lasted about twenty days. Employees in hospitals and care homes also had more sick days than people working in data processing.

数字の背後にある病気もまた重要です。呼吸器疾患、メンタルヘルスの状態、筋肉と関節の問題が合わせて、DAKのデータにおける病欠日数の約半分を占めました。メンタルヘルス関連の欠勤は2025年に6.9パーセント増え、しばしば長く続きました。診断書は平均でほぼ10日間続き、60歳超の労働者を含むケースは約20日間続きました。病院や介護施設の従業員もまた、データ処理に従事する人々より多くの病欠日数がありました。

These absences create real difficulties for employers. Other staff may have to compensate for missing workers, while companies face higher costs and lower production. The problem is especially serious in healthcare, education, and care work, where staff shortages already exist. Germany’s governing coalition has proposed ending telephone sick notes and making it easier to require medical certificates from the first day of an absence. Supporters hope stricter checks will deter people from misusing the system.

これらの欠勤は、雇用主にとって本当の困難を生み出します。他の職員は欠勤した労働者を補わなければならず、企業はより高いコストとより低い生産に直面します。問題は、すでに人手不足がある医療、教育、介護の仕事で特に深刻です。ドイツの連立政権は、電話による病欠届を終わらせ、欠勤の初日から診断書を求めやすくすることを提案しています。支持者は、より厳しい確認がシステムの不正利用を抑止することを望んでいます。

However, researchers have found little evidence of widespread abuse. They warn against attributing Germany’s high sick-leave figure mainly to dishonest workers. Many of the occupations with the most absences involve low pay, staff shortages, physical pressure, or emotionally demanding work. Mental health conditions make up a relatively small share of individual cases, but they can produce long periods away from work. Stricter certificates would not remove these underlying causes.

しかし、研究者は広範な不正利用の証拠をほとんど見つけていません。彼らは、ドイツの高い病欠数字を主に不誠実な労働者のせいだとすることに警告しています。最も欠勤が多い職業の多くは、低賃金、人手不足、身体的圧力、または感情的に厳しい仕事を伴います。メンタルヘルスの状態は個々のケースの比較的小さい割合を占めますが、長期間の欠勤を生み出しえます。より厳しい診断書は、これらの根本原因を取り除きません。

The figure of 19.5 days is therefore believable, but it does not provide a simple judgment on German workers. We must distinguish between the number of illnesses, the number of days each illness lasts, and the ability of workers to remain employed while recovering. A system that records many sick days may have serious workplace problems, but it may also protect people who would lose their income or jobs elsewhere. To understand whether Germany’s number is truly high, we must compare not only workers but also the systems surrounding them.

したがって19.5日という数字は信じられますが、ドイツの労働者についての単純な判断を与えるものではありません。私たちは、病気の数、各病気が続く日数、そして回復しながら就業を続けられる労働者の能力を区別しなければなりません。多くの病欠日を記録する制度には深刻な職場の問題があるかもしれませんが、他の場所では収入や仕事を失う人々を守っているかもしれません。ドイツの数字が本当に高いのかを理解するには、労働者だけでなく、彼らを取り巻く制度も比較しなければなりません。

Vocabulary

  1. tighten — to make a rule, law, or system stricter. Example: The government plans to tighten safety regulations after several serious accidents.
  2. striking — unusual or noticeable enough to attract attention. Example: There was a striking difference between the results from the two regions.
  3. amount to — to produce a total of a particular number or quantity. Example: The small monthly fees amount to several hundred dollars over a year.
  4. capture — to successfully collect, show, or represent information. Example: The survey failed to capture the experiences of temporary workers.
  5. account for — to form or represent a particular part of a total. Example: Online sales account for almost half of the company’s income.
  6. compensate for — to reduce or balance the negative effect of something. Example: The company hired temporary employees to compensate for the shortage of staff.
  7. deter — to discourage someone from doing something by making it difficult or risky. Example: Higher fines may deter drivers from using their phones on the road.
  8. attribute A to B — to consider B to be the cause of A. Example: Researchers attributed the decline in sales to higher prices.
  9. distinguish between — to recognize and understand the difference between two or more things. Example: It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between reliable information and advertising.

Comprehension Questions

  1. Why is the DAK figure considered a strong source of information?
    1. It includes every worker in Germany.
    2. It is based on medical certificate records rather than workers’ memories.
    3. It counts only serious mental illnesses.
    4. It was produced by German employers.

    DAKの数字が強い情報源だと考えられるのはなぜですか?

  2. Why is 19.5 calendar days closer to about 14 working days?
    1. Some medical certificates are incorrect.
    2. Employees usually work fewer hours when they return.
    3. Calendar days can include weekends.
    4. Employers remove short illnesses from the total.

    19.5暦日が約14労働日に近いのはなぜですか?

  3. What contributed to the sharp rise in recorded sick leave in 2022?
    1. Better electronic reporting and widespread respiratory infections
    2. A sudden fall in the retirement age
    3. The introduction of a four-day working week
    4. A large increase in vacation time

    2022年の記録された病欠の急増に寄与したものは何ですか?

  4. Why can mental health conditions have a large effect on the total number of sick days?
    1. They affect every German employee.
    2. They are never recorded electronically.
    3. They often cause relatively long absences.
    4. They occur only among older workers.

    メンタルヘルスの状態が病欠日数の合計に大きな影響を持ちうるのはなぜですか?

  5. Why does the article warn against blaming dishonest workers?
    1. German law does not allow employers to question medical certificates.
    2. Research has found little evidence of widespread abuse, and working conditions also matter.
    3. Most sick leave occurs in the data-processing industry.
    4. Employees receive no income while they are ill.

    記事はなぜ不誠実な労働者を責めることに警告するのですか?

Discussion Questions

  1. Should employers be able to require a medical certificate from the first day of illness?

    雇用主は病気の初日から診断書を求めることができるべきですか?

  2. Do you think telephone sick notes are too easy to misuse?

    電話による病欠届は不正利用しやすすぎると思いますか?

  3. How might poor working conditions lead to more sick leave?

    劣悪な労働条件は、どのように病欠の増加につながりえますか?

  4. Should a company focus more on preventing illness or checking whether absences are genuine?

    企業は病気の予防と、欠勤が本当かどうかの確認のどちらにより注力すべきですか?

  5. Does a high level of sick leave suggest that a labor system is strong or weak?

    高い病欠の水準は、労働制度が強いこと、弱いことのどちらを示唆しますか?

Speaking Practice

Speak for about one minute about what Germany’s sick-leave figure does and does not tell us.

ドイツの病欠数字が何を示し、何を示さないかについて、約1分間話してください。

Include:

  • what the figure of 19.5 days measures

    19.5日という数字が測っているもの

  • one reason recorded sick leave has increased

    記録された病欠が増えた理由一つ

  • one concern held by employers or the government

    雇用主または政府が持つ懸念一つ

  • why the figure does not prove widespread abuse

    その数字が広範な不正利用を証明しない理由