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How Do Britain and Japan Choose Their Prime Ministers?

UK Politics — Day 2

イギリスと日本は首相をどう選ぶのか

Legislative chambers suggesting how Britain and Japan choose their prime ministers

When a new Labour leader became Britain’s prime minister, some people may have wondered why the public did not vote for him in a national election. The answer lies in Britain’s parliamentary system. Unlike the United States, Britain does not hold a separate national election for prime minister.

新しい労働党党首がイギリスの首相になったとき、なぜ国民が全国選挙で彼に投票しなかったのかと疑問に思った人もいるかもしれません。答えはイギリスの議院内閣制にあります。アメリカ合衆国とは異なり、イギリスは首相のための別の全国選挙を行いません。

British voters elect an MP to represent their local constituency in the House of Commons. After a general election, the leader of the party that can command the confidence of the House of Commons normally becomes prime minister. The monarch then formally appoints that person. In other words, the public elects members of Parliament, but does not directly elect the prime minister.

イギリスの有権者は、下院で地元の選挙区を代表する下院議員(MP)を選びます。総選挙の後、下院の信任を得られる政党の指導者が通常首相になります。その後、君主がその人物を正式に任命します。言い換えれば、国民は議会議員を選びますが、首相を直接選ぶわけではありません。

A party leadership election can therefore change the prime minister without changing all the MPs. When the governing party chooses a new leader, that person can usually become prime minister as long as the party still has enough support in the House of Commons. The opposition may demand a general election, but a change of party leader does not automatically require one.

したがって、党首選挙はすべての下院議員を変えずに首相を交代させることができます。与党が新しい指導者を選ぶと、その党が下院で十分な支持をなお持っている限り、その人物は通常首相になることができます。野党は総選挙を求めるかもしれませんが、党首交代が自動的に総選挙を必要とするわけではありません。

A by-election is different. It is held when one seat in the House of Commons becomes vacant, perhaps because an MP resigns or dies. Only voters in that constituency choose a replacement. A by-election can reveal public dissatisfaction with the government, but it does not directly select a new prime minister.

補欠選挙は異なります。下院の一つの議席が空席になったとき―例えば下院議員が辞任または死亡したとき―に行われます。その選挙区の有権者だけが後任を選びます。補欠選挙は政府への国民の不満を示すことがありますが、新しい首相を直接選ぶものではありません。

Japan follows a broadly similar principle. Japanese voters elect members of the Diet rather than voting directly for prime minister. The Diet consists of the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors. Members of the House of Representatives are chosen through electoral districts and proportional representation, while members of the House of Councillors are elected under a different system.

日本もおおむね似た原則に従います。日本の有権者は首相に直接投票するのではなく、国会議員を選びます。国会は衆議院と参議院から成ります。衆議院議員は選挙区と比例代表を通じて選ばれ、参議院議員は異なる制度の下で選ばれます。

After an election or a change of government, both houses vote to designate the prime minister from among the members of the Diet. If the two houses choose different people and cannot reach an agreement, the decision of the House of Representatives takes precedence. The Emperor then formally appoints the person designated by the Diet.

選挙または政権交代の後、両院は国会議員の中から首相を指名するために投票します。両院が異なる人物を選び合意に達しない場合、衆議院の決定が優先されます。その後、天皇が国会によって指名された人物を正式に任命します。

In practice, the leader of Japan’s ruling party usually becomes prime minister because that party, or its coalition, normally controls the House of Representatives. A party leadership election may therefore have national consequences even though most voters cannot participate in it. The public chooses Diet members, but the ruling party may play the decisive role in determining who leads the government.

実際には、日本の与党の党首が通常首相になります。なぜなら、その党またはその連立が通常衆議院を支配しているからです。したがって、党首選挙は、ほとんどの有権者が参加できなくても国家的な結果をもたらしえます。国民は国会議員を選びますが、誰が政府を率いるかを決めるうえで与党が決定的な役割を果たすことがあります。

Britain and Japan are not identical. Britain relies heavily on constitutional conventions and the prime minister’s ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons. Japan’s Constitution requires a formal designation by the Diet. Still, both systems show why an internal party election can change the national leader: voters elect legislators, while Parliament or the Diet determines who can form a government.

イギリスと日本は同一ではありません。イギリスは憲法上の慣例と、下院の信任を得る首相の能力に大きく依存しています。日本の憲法は国会による正式な指名を求めています。それでも両制度は、なぜ党内選挙が国家指導者を変えうるかを示しています。有権者は立法府の議員を選び、議会または国会が誰が政府を組織できるかを決めるのです。

Vocabulary

  1. constituency — an area whose voters elect someone to represent them in a parliament. Example: Each British MP represents a particular constituency in the House of Commons.
  2. MP — a Member of Parliament, especially a member of the British House of Commons. Example: Voters choose an MP to represent their local area.
  3. constitutional convention — an established political practice that is followed even though it is not written as a formal law. Example: Britain’s choice of prime minister depends partly on constitutional convention.
  4. opposition — the political parties that are not part of the government. Example: The opposition demanded a general election after the governing party changed its leader.
  5. by-election — an election held in one area to fill a parliamentary seat that has become vacant. Example: The party lost an important seat in a closely watched by-election.
  6. member of the Diet — a person elected to serve in either house of Japan’s national legislature. Example: The prime minister must be chosen from among the members of the Diet.
  7. electoral district — a geographical area whose voters elect one or more political representatives. Example: Candidates campaigned across the electoral district before the election.
  8. ruling party — the political party that controls or leads the government. Example: The leader of Japan’s ruling party often becomes prime minister.
  9. designate — to officially choose someone for a particular position. Example: The Diet votes to designate Japan’s prime minister.

Comprehension Questions

  1. What do British voters directly elect?
    1. The monarch
    2. The prime minister
    3. An MP for their constituency
    4. The leader of every political party

    イギリスの有権者は何を直接選びますか?

  2. Why can a new governing-party leader become Britain’s prime minister without a general election?
    1. The monarch can cancel all elections.
    2. The party may still command the confidence of the House of Commons.
    3. The opposition selects the new leader.
    4. A by-election automatically creates a new government.

    新しい与党党首が総選挙なしでイギリスの首相になれるのはなぜですか?

  3. What is a by-election?
    1. A national vote to choose the prime minister
    2. An election to choose the monarch
    3. An election held to fill one vacant parliamentary seat
    4. A vote among government ministers

    補欠選挙とは何ですか?

  4. How is Japan’s prime minister formally chosen?
    1. The public votes directly for one candidate.
    2. The House of Councillors makes the decision alone.
    3. The ruling party leader automatically receives the position.
    4. The Diet designates the prime minister, who is then appointed by the Emperor.

    日本の首相は正式にどう選ばれますか?

  5. What is one important difference between Britain and Japan?
    1. Only Britain has political parties.
    2. Only Japan has elected legislators.
    3. Japan has a formal Diet designation, while Britain relies more heavily on parliamentary convention.
    4. British voters directly elect their prime minister, but Japanese voters do not.

    イギリスと日本の重要な違いの一つは何ですか?

Discussion Questions

  1. Do you think voters should directly elect the prime minister? Why or why not?

    有権者は首相を直接選ぶべきだと思いますか?それはなぜ/なぜそうではないですか?

  2. Is it democratic for a governing party to change the national leader without holding a general election?

    与党が総選挙を行わずに国家指導者を交代させることは民主的ですか?

  3. Why can a party leadership election be important even when most citizens cannot vote in it?

    ほとんどの市民が投票できなくても、党首選挙が重要でありうるのはなぜですか?

  4. What are the advantages of allowing Parliament to replace a prime minister between general elections?

    総選挙のあいだに議会が首相を交代させることを認める利点は何ですか?

  5. Which system seems clearer to you: Britain’s appointment based on support in the House of Commons or Japan’s formal designation by the Diet?

    下院での支持に基づくイギリスの任命と、国会による正式指名という日本の制度のどちらがより明確に見えますか?

Speaking Task

  1. Compare how Britain and Japan choose their prime ministers. Include: what British and Japanese voters directly elect, the role of the governing or ruling party, the role of the House of Commons and the Diet, the formal role of the monarch and the Emperor, and one important difference between the two systems. Speak for about one minute.

    イギリスと日本が首相をどう選ぶかを比較してください。イギリスと日本の有権者が何を直接選ぶか、与党の役割、下院と国会の役割、君主と天皇の正式な役割、両制度の重要な違い一つを含めてください。約1分間話してください。