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Ukraine: When Language Becomes Part of War

Day 1: Can Ukrainians Fight Russia in Russian?

ウクライナ:言語が戦争の一部になるとき ― 第1日:ウクライナ人はロシア語でロシアと戦えるか

Odesa street scene with phone alert suggesting language, identity, and war in Ukraine

An air-raid siren sounds in Odesa. People check their phones to find out whether a drone or missile is approaching. Some prepare to move to a safer place. Yet many of their conversations continue in Russian—the language of the country attacking them. This may sound contradictory, but it is part of daily life in Ukraine.

オデーサで空襲警報が鳴ります。人々は、ドローンやミサイルが近づいているかどうかを知るために電話を確認します。一部の人は、より安全な場所へ移る準備をします。しかし、多くの会話はロシア語で続きます。彼らを攻撃している国の言語です。これは矛盾しているように聞こえるかもしれませんが、ウクライナの日常生活の一部です。

Odesa has always been a multilingual city. Ukrainian is the national language, but Russian is the native language of many residents. They grew up speaking it with their parents, friends, and neighbors. This does not mean that they see themselves as Russian. Many strongly identify as Ukrainian and want no connection with the Russian state.

オデーサはいつも多言語の都市でした。ウクライナ語は国語ですが、ロシア語は多くの住民の母語です。彼らは親、友人、近所の人々とそれを話しながら育ちました。これは、彼らが自分をロシア人だと考えていることを意味しません。多くは強くウクライナ人だと自覚し、ロシア国家とのつながりを望んでいません。

The Kremlin has repeatedly portrayed Russian-speaking Ukrainians as people who need protection from Kyiv. President Vladimir Putin has used this claim to help justify Russian actions in Ukraine. Yet Russian forces have destroyed homes and killed civilians in cities where Russian is widely spoken. For many Ukrainians, the invasion itself has shown that language does not determine political allegiance.

クレムリンは、ロシア語を話すウクライナ人を、キーウから保護を必要とする人々として繰り返し描いてきました。ウラジーミル・プーチン大統領は、ウクライナにおけるロシアの行動を正当化する助けとして、この主張を使ってきました。しかしロシア軍は、ロシア語が広く話される都市で家を破壊し、民間人を殺してきました。多くのウクライナ人にとって、侵攻そのものが、言語は政治的な忠誠を決定しないことを示しています。

The war has nevertheless changed how some people feel about Russian. Ukrainians who once used it every day have chosen to switch to Ukrainian. Some want to strengthen a language that was suppressed under Russian and Soviet rule. Others wish to distance themselves from the invading country. For them, speaking Ukrainian has become a personal act of resistance.

それでも戦争は、一部の人々がロシア語についてどう感じるかを変えました。かつて毎日それを使っていたウクライナ人が、ウクライナ語に切り替えることを選びました。一部は、ロシアおよびソ連の支配の下で抑圧された言語を強めたいと考えます。他の人は、侵攻する国から距離を置きたいと願います。彼らにとって、ウクライナ語を話すことは、個人的な抵抗の行為になっています。

Not everyone wants to make that change. Russian remains the language of many families, friendships, and soldiers serving in the Ukrainian military. Some people can speak Ukrainian but feel more comfortable expressing emotions or telling jokes in Russian. They argue that they should not have to abandon part of their own lives in order to prove their loyalty.

誰もがその変化を望んでいるわけではありません。ロシア語は、多くの家族、友情、そしてウクライナ軍で奉仕する兵士の言語のままでもあります。一部の人はウクライナ語を話せますが、感情を表したり冗談を言ったりするときはロシア語の方が楽だと感じます。彼らは、忠誠を証明するために自分の生活の一部を捨てる必要はないと主張します。

Ukraine’s language law requires Ukrainian in many areas of public life, including government and customer service. It does not prohibit people from speaking Russian in private. However, the social atmosphere has changed during the war. Russian speakers may come under pressure even when they fully support Ukraine, while critics of stricter language policies may hesitate to speak publicly.

ウクライナの言語法は、政府と顧客サービスを含む公的生活の多くの領域でウクライナ語を求めています。私的にロシア語を話すことを禁止してはいません。しかし、社会的な雰囲気は戦争のあいだに変わりました。ロシア語話者は、ウクライナを完全に支持していても圧力を受けることがあり、より厳しい言語政策の批判者は公に話すのをためらうかもしれません。

The question is therefore not simply whether Ukraine should protect its national language. Ukrainian clearly plays a central role in the country’s independence and resistance. The harder question is whether a nation at war can promote that language without treating its Russian-speaking citizens as less Ukrainian. Ultimately, who should define Ukrainian identity: history, language, or the choices people make?

したがって問いは、単にウクライナが国語を守るべきかどうかではありません。ウクライナ語は、国の独立と抵抗において明らかに中心的な役割を果たしています。より難しい問いは、戦争中の国が、ロシア語を話す市民をよりウクライナ人らしくないものとして扱うことなく、その言語を推進できるかどうかです。結局のところ、ウクライナ人のアイデンティティを誰が定義すべきでしょうか。歴史、言語、それとも人々が行う選択でしょうか。

Vocabulary

  1. air-raid siren — a loud warning signal used when an attack by aircraft, drones, or missiles may be approaching. Example: Residents moved into an underground shelter when the air-raid siren sounded.
  2. native language — the first language that a person learns as a child. Example: Spanish is her native language, although she also speaks English fluently.
  3. portray — to describe or present someone or something in a particular way. Example: The advertisement portrays the company as environmentally responsible.
  4. justify — to give a reason for an action in order to show that it is right or reasonable. Example: The government said the security threat may justify the new restrictions.
  5. allegiance — loyalty to a country, group, or leader. Example: Citizens are sometimes expected to demonstrate their allegiance during a national crisis.
  6. switch — to stop using or doing one thing and begin using or doing another. Example: Many customers switched to online banking during the pandemic.
  7. distance oneself from — to show that one does not support or wish to be connected with someone or something. Example: It can be hard to distance oneself from a controversial group.
  8. come under pressure — to face strong demands, criticism, or attempts to influence one’s actions. Example: Companies often come under pressure to improve conditions for their workers.
  9. define — to determine or clearly express the essential nature or meaning of something. Example: A person’s job does not necessarily define who they are.

Comprehension Questions

  1. Why does the opening scene appear contradictory?
    1. Residents cannot understand the air-raid warning.
    2. People are speaking Russian while Russia is attacking their country.
    3. Odesa has prohibited the use of Ukrainian.
    4. Russian soldiers are protecting the city.

    冒頭の場面が矛盾しているように見えるのはなぜですか?

  2. What does the article say about Russian-speaking residents of Odesa?
    1. Most of them wish to join Russia.
    2. They are unable to speak Ukrainian.
    3. Many identify strongly as Ukrainian.
    4. They recently moved to Ukraine from Russia.

    記事は、オデーサのロシア語を話す住民について何と言っていますか?

  3. How has the Kremlin used the language issue?
    1. It has presented Russian speakers as people needing protection.
    2. It has encouraged every Russian citizen to learn Ukrainian.
    3. It has recognized Odesa as an independent city.
    4. It has ended Russian-language education throughout Russia.

    クレムリンは言語問題をどのように使ってきましたか?

  4. Why have some Ukrainians switched to Ukrainian?
    1. Russian has become impossible to understand.
    2. Ukrainian is required in every private conversation.
    3. They want to resist Russian influence and strengthen Ukrainian identity.
    4. They plan to leave Ukraine permanently.

    一部のウクライナ人がウクライナ語に切り替えたのはなぜですか?

  5. What difficult question does the article raise?
    1. Whether Odesa should stop using air-raid sirens
    2. Whether Ukraine can promote Ukrainian without excluding Russian-speaking citizens
    3. Whether every Ukrainian should move to another country
    4. Whether Russia should adopt Ukrainian as an official language

    記事はどのような難しい問いを提起していますか?

Discussion Questions

  1. Can a person’s native language be different from the language most closely connected with their national identity?

    人の母語は、その人の国民的アイデンティティと最も密接に結びついた言語と異なりえますか?

  2. Why might a language acquire a new emotional meaning during a war?

    戦争のあいだ、言語が新しい感情的な意味を持つことがあるのはなぜですか?

  3. Is changing the language you speak an effective form of resistance?

    話す言語を変えることは、効果的な抵抗の形ですか?

  4. Should governments regulate the language used in shops, schools, or the media?

    政府は、店、学校、またはメディアで使われる言語を規制すべきですか?

  5. What should determine national identity: language, citizenship, culture, personal choice, or something else?

    国民的アイデンティティを決めるべきものは何ですか。言語、市民権、文化、個人の選択、それとも何か他のものですか?

Speaking Practice

Speak for about one minute about the relationship between language and national identity in Ukraine.

ウクライナにおける言語と国民的アイデンティティの関係について、約1分間話してください。

Include:

  • why many people in Odesa speak Russian

    オデーサの多くの人々がロシア語を話す理由

  • how Russia has used the language issue

    ロシアが言語問題をどのように使ってきたか

  • why some Ukrainians have switched languages

    一部のウクライナ人が言語を切り替えた理由

  • why some loyal Ukrainians continue to speak Russian

    一部の忠実なウクライナ人がロシア語を話し続ける理由