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Ukraine: When Language Becomes Part of War

Day 3: How Far Should Ukraine Go in Restricting Russian?

ウクライナ:言語が戦争の一部になるとき ― 第3日:ウクライナはロシア語をどこまで制限すべきか

Ukrainian café interior suggesting public language rules and cultural debate

In a Ukrainian café, a waiter is expected to begin speaking to customers in Ukrainian. If a customer asks to use Russian and both sides agree, they may switch languages. The rule may appear minor, but it reflects a much larger question. How far should a country at war regulate the language used in public life?

ウクライナのカフェでは、店員は顧客にウクライナ語で話し始めることが期待されています。顧客がロシア語の使用を求め、双方が合意すれば、言語を切り替えてもよい場合があります。規則は些細に見えるかもしれませんが、はるかに大きな問いを反映しています。戦争中の国は、公的生活で使われる言語をどこまで規制すべきでしょうか。

Ukraine’s language law requires businesses to provide services and information in Ukrainian. Employees are expected to comply with the rules, and customers can file a complaint with the language commissioner. In Odesa, even bookstores have been investigated over the way Russian- and Ukrainian-language books were displayed. A business that repeatedly violates the law may receive a fine.

ウクライナの言語法は、企業にウクライナ語でサービスと情報を提供することを求めています。従業員は規則を守ることが期待され、顧客は言語コミッショナーに苦情を申し立てることができます。オデーサでは、ロシア語とウクライナ語の本の陳列方法をめぐって書店さえ調査されてきました。法律に繰り返し違反する企業は、罰金を科されることがあります。

The debate also covers culture. Ukraine has prohibited some Russian media and works involving Russian citizens, particularly when they are connected with support for the invasion. Russian-language works created by Ukrainians are not automatically illegal. However, some politicians want to go further by limiting more Russian-language songs, plays, and public performances.

議論は文化にも及びます。ウクライナは、一部のロシアのメディアとロシア国民が関わる作品を禁止してきました。特に、それらが侵攻への支持と結びついている場合です。ウクライナ人が作ったロシア語の作品は、自動的に違法ではありません。しかし、一部の政治家は、より多くのロシア語の歌、演劇、公演を制限することで、さらに進めたいと考えています。

Supporters describe these policies as decolonization. They argue that Russia used literature, television, music, and language to build cultural influence long before it used military force. Russian culture was often treated as more important than Ukrainian culture. Reducing that influence, they say, allows Ukrainian artists and writers to recover space that they were previously denied.

支持者は、これらの政策を脱植民地化と説明します。彼らは、ロシアが軍事力を使うずっと前から、文学、テレビ、音楽、言語を使って文化的影響力を築いてきたと主張します。ロシア文化はしばしば、ウクライナ文化より重要だと扱われました。その影響力を減らすことで、ウクライナ人の芸術家と作家が、以前は否定されていた空間を取り戻せるのだと彼らは言います。

Wartime Japan offers an interesting comparison. During the Pacific War, English was condemned as an “enemy language.” English names, signs, and sports terms were removed or replaced in many public settings, although there was no single nationwide law prohibiting all private use of English. Japan, however, was not recovering a national language that had been suppressed by an English-speaking ruler. Japanese already dominated government, education, and public life. The campaign was mainly intended to reject enemy influence and strengthen wartime unity, not to revive a marginalized culture.

戦時の日本は興味深い比較を提供します。太平洋戦争のあいだ、英語は「敵性語」として非難されました。英語の名称、看板、スポーツ用語は多くの公的な場で除去または置き換えられましたが、私的な英語の使用すべてを禁止する単一の全国法はありませんでした。しかし日本は、英語を話す支配者によって抑圧されていた国語を取り戻していたわけではありません。日本語はすでに政府、教育、公的生活を支配していました。その運動の主な意図は、敵の影響力を拒み、戦時の団結を強めることであり、周辺化された文化を復活させることではありませんでした。

This difference helps explain Ukraine’s position, but it does not settle the debate. Russian is the family language of millions of loyal Ukrainian citizens. Broad restrictions could alienate the very people Ukraine wants to unite and may sometimes be disproportionate to the threat. Yet people who question the policies may refrain from speaking publicly because they fear being accused of supporting Russia.

この違いはウクライナの立場を説明する助けになりますが、議論を決着させるものではありません。ロシア語は、何百万人もの忠実なウクライナ市民の家庭言語です。広範な制限は、ウクライナが団結させたいまさにその人々を疎外しえ、時には脅威に対して不釣り合いでもありえます。しかし政策に疑問を持つ人々は、ロシアを支持していると非難されることを恐れて、公に話すのを控えることがあります。

Ukraine has strong reasons to protect its language, particularly while Russia is removing Ukrainian culture from occupied areas. At the same time, a democracy must decide where to draw the line between national survival and individual freedom. The challenge is to reduce Russian political influence without treating every use of the Russian language as an act of disloyalty.

ウクライナには自国語を守る強い理由があります。特に、ロシアが占領地域からウクライナ文化を取り除いているあいだはそうです。同時に、民主主義は、国家の生存と個人の自由のあいだでどこに線を引くかを決めなければなりません。課題は、ロシア語の使用すべてを不忠誠の行為として扱うことなく、ロシアの政治的影響力を減らすことです。

Vocabulary

  1. regulate — to control an activity through official rules or laws. Example: Governments regulate the information that companies must provide to consumers.
  2. comply with — to act according to a rule, law, or official request. Example: Businesses must comply with national safety standards.
  3. file a complaint — to officially report a problem or state that something is wrong or unfair. Example: The customer may file a complaint after the company refuses to provide the promised service.
  4. fine — an amount of money that must be paid as punishment for breaking a law or rule. Example: The court ordered the company to pay a large fine for violating environmental regulations.
  5. decolonization — the process of removing the political, cultural, or social influence of a former colonial power. Example: Restoring traditional place names can form part of a country’s cultural decolonization.
  6. alienate — to make someone feel that they do not belong to a group or are no longer connected with it. Example: A policy that ignores minority communities may alienate their members.
  7. disproportionate — too large or severe in relation to the situation or problem. Example: Critics argued that closing the entire school was a disproportionate response to one incident.
  8. refrain from — to deliberately avoid doing or saying something. Example: Employees may refrain from criticizing a policy if they fear losing their jobs.
  9. draw the line — to decide the limit beyond which something will not be accepted or allowed. Example: Society must draw the line between political disagreement and threats of violence.

Comprehension Questions

  1. When may a café employee switch from Ukrainian to Russian?
    1. Whenever the employee prefers Russian
    2. When the customer requests it and both sides agree
    3. Only when the customer is a Russian citizen
    4. Only after receiving government permission

    カフェの従業員はいつウクライナ語からロシア語に切り替えてもよいですか?

  2. What may happen if a business repeatedly violates Ukraine’s language law?
    1. It may receive a fine.
    2. It must close immediately.
    3. All its employees lose their citizenship.
    4. Its customers are prohibited from filing complaints.

    企業がウクライナの言語法に繰り返し違反した場合、何が起きえますか?

  3. Why do supporters call Ukraine’s language policies decolonization?
    1. They want to eliminate every foreign cultural work.
    2. They believe Russian influence historically pushed Ukrainian culture aside.
    3. They want Ukrainian artists to work in Russia.
    4. They believe Russian has never been spoken in Ukraine.

    支持者はなぜウクライナの言語政策を脱植民地化と呼ぶのですか?

  4. How was wartime Japan’s treatment of English different from Ukraine’s promotion of Ukrainian?
    1. Japan was restoring a language previously suppressed by Britain.
    2. English was the native language of most Japanese citizens.
    3. Japanese already dominated public life, so the campaign was not a cultural revival.
    4. Japan encouraged the public use of English during the war.

    戦時日本の英語の扱いは、ウクライナのウクライナ語推進とどう異なりましたか?

  5. What is the main challenge described in the article?
    1. Preventing Ukrainians from learning foreign languages
    2. Reducing Russian influence without treating all Russian speakers as disloyal
    3. Replacing Ukrainian with a completely new language
    4. Persuading Japan to introduce Ukrainian-language services

    記事で述べられている主な課題は何ですか?

Discussion Questions

  1. Should businesses be legally required to begin serving customers in the national language?

    企業は、国語で顧客への対応を始めることを法的に求められるべきですか?

  2. How was Japan’s wartime rejection of English different from Ukraine’s promotion of Ukrainian?

    戦時日本の英語拒否は、ウクライナのウクライナ語推進とどう異なりましたか?

  3. Can books, songs, and films become tools of political influence?

    本、歌、映画は政治的影響力の道具になりえますか?

  4. Is restricting the language of an enemy country justified during a war?

    戦争中に敵国の言語を制限することは正当化されますか?

  5. How can Ukraine protect its culture without alienating Russian-speaking citizens?

    ウクライナは、ロシア語を話す市民を疎外せずに、どう文化を守れますか?

Speaking Practice

Speak for about one minute about language restrictions during wartime.

戦時の言語制限について、約1分間話してください。

Include:

  • one Ukrainian rule concerning public services

    公共サービスに関するウクライナの規則一つ

  • why Ukraine describes its policies as decolonization

    ウクライナが政策を脱植民地化と説明する理由

  • how wartime Japan treated English

    戦時日本が英語をどう扱ったか

  • one important difference between the two countries

    二国間の重要な違い一つ