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Why Did Japan and the US Buy Yen Together?

Day 1

日本とアメリカはなぜ一緒に円を買ったのか

Japanese yen and US dollar bills with financial trading charts suggesting currency intervention

For several days, the yen had been falling rapidly. It eventually reached nearly 164 yen to the US dollar, its weakest level in about four decades. Then the direction suddenly changed. Japan entered the foreign-exchange market, and the United States joined it in a rare coordinated intervention. Within a short period, the yen strengthened to around 155 per dollar.

数日間、円は急速に下落していました。最終的に1ドル約164円という、およそ40年ぶりの最安値に達しました。すると方向が突然変わりました。日本が外国為替市場に介入し、アメリカがまれな協調介入でこれに加わりました。短い期間のうちに、円は1ドル約155円まで上昇しました。

Currency intervention may sound complicated, but the basic action is simple. To support the yen, the authorities buy yen and sell another currency. This creates additional demand for yen in the market. When demand rises sharply, the price of the currency may rise as well. In this case, one dollar could buy fewer yen than before, meaning that the yen had strengthened.

為替介入は複雑に聞こえるかもしれませんが、基本的な行動は単純です。円を支えるために、当局は円を買い、別の通貨を売ります。これにより市場で円への追加需要が生まれます。需要が急上昇すると、通貨の価格も上昇することがあります。この場合、1ドルで以前より少ない円しか買えなくなり、円が強くなったことを意味します。

Japan has intervened on its own several times, but direct US participation is unusual. The latest operation was the first coordinated US-Japan intervention since 2011. Washington said it acted with Japan to respond to disorderly movements in the market rather than to establish a permanently stronger yen. Both governments also indicated that they were prepared to act again if instability continued.

日本は単独で何度も介入してきましたが、アメリカの直接参加は異例です。今回の作戦は2011年以来初の日米協調介入でした。ワシントンは、恒久的により強い円を確立するためではなく、市場の無秩序な動きに対応するために日本と行動したと述べました。両政府はまた、不安定が続く場合には再び行動する用意があると示しました。

The way the United States participated was also notable. According to reports, the US Treasury sold euros and used the proceeds to buy yen instead of selling dollars directly. Analysts said this may have allowed Washington to support the Japanese currency without sending a broader message that it wanted the dollar to weaken. A sharp fall in the dollar could make imported goods more expensive in the United States and complicate its fight against inflation.

アメリカの参加の仕方も注目に値しました。報道によると、米財務省はユーロを売り、その収入を使って円を買い、ドルを直接売ることはしませんでした。アナリストは、これによりワシントンが、ドルを弱めたいというより広いメッセージを送らずに日本円を支援できた可能性があると述べました。ドルの急落はアメリカで輸入品をより高くし、インフレとの闘いを複雑にする可能性があります。

Japan had several reasons to act. A weaker yen raises the cost of imported oil, food, raw materials, and other goods. These higher costs can spread through the economy and reduce household purchasing power. As an earlier MyTutor article explained, a weak yen benefits some exporters and tourism businesses, but it also creates serious difficulties for consumers and companies that depend on imports.

日本には行動するいくつかの理由がありました。円安は輸入する石油、食品、原材料、その他の商品のコストを上げます。これらの高いコストは経済全体に広がり、家計の購買力を減らすことがあります。以前のMyTutor記事が説明したように、円安は一部の輸出業者や観光業に利益をもたらしますが、輸入に依存する消費者や企業には深刻な困難も生み出します。

Intervention also carries a psychological message. Currency traders sometimes continue selling a currency because they expect others to do the same. A large and unexpected purchase of yen can suddenly make that strategy costly. Traders who had sold yen may rush to buy it back before suffering greater losses. This reaction, known as a short squeeze, can make the currency move even more sharply.

介入は心理的なメッセージも伝えます。為替トレーダーは、他の人も同じことをすると予想するため、通貨を売り続けることがあります。大きく予期しない円買いが、突然その戦略を高くつくものにすることがあります。円を売っていたトレーダーは、より大きな損失を被る前に買い戻そうと急ぐかもしれません。ショートスクイーズとして知られるこの反応は、通貨をより急激に動かします。

However, governments cannot control exchange rates simply by placing one large order. The global foreign-exchange market is enormous, and private investors trade far more money than any single government can continually oppose. Intervention can interrupt a rapid fall, discourage speculation, and show that authorities are serious. It cannot automatically remove the economic forces that caused the currency to weaken.

しかし、政府は大きな注文を一つ出すだけで為替レートを制御できるわけではありません。世界の外国為替市場は巨大で、民間投資家はどの単一政府も継続的に対抗できるよりはるかに多くの資金を取引します。介入は急落を中断し、投機を抑止し、当局が本気であることを示すことができます。通貨を弱めた経済的な力を自動的に取り除くことはできません。

The joint operation therefore bought Japan more than yen: it bought time. The action slowed a disorderly decline and reminded markets that Japan was not acting alone. Yet the central question remains unresolved. Unless the interest-rate gap between Japan and the United States, investor expectations, and other underlying conditions change, the pressure on the yen may eventually return.

したがって共同作戦は、日本に円以上のものを買いました。時間を買ったのです。その行動は無秩序な下落を遅らせ、市場に日本が単独で行動していないことを思い起こさせました。しかし中心的な問いは未解決のままです。日米金利差、投資家の期待、その他の基礎的条件が変わらない限り、円への圧力はいずれ戻ってくるかもしれません。

Vocabulary

  1. coordinated intervention — action taken jointly by two or more governments or central banks to influence a currency's value. Example: The two countries carried out a coordinated intervention to stop the currency from falling too rapidly.
  2. foreign-exchange market — the global market in which currencies are bought and sold. Example: Trillions of dollars are traded in the foreign-exchange market every day.
  3. proceeds — money received from selling something. Example: The government used the proceeds from selling euros to purchase yen.
  4. disorderly movement — a rapid and unstable change in a market that may threaten economic or financial stability. Example: Officials said they were responding to disorderly movements in the exchange rate.
  5. purchasing power — the amount of goods and services that money can buy. Example: Rising import prices reduced the purchasing power of many households.
  6. psychological message — a signal intended to influence people's expectations or behavior. Example: The intervention sent a psychological message to traders who were continuing to sell the currency.
  7. short squeeze — a rapid rise in price that forces traders who expected the price to fall to buy the asset back. Example: The sudden strengthening of the yen caused a short squeeze in the currency market.
  8. speculation — the buying or selling of assets in the hope of making a profit from future price changes. Example: Officials hoped the intervention would discourage excessive speculation against the yen.
  9. underlying condition — a basic economic or financial factor that influences what happens over a longer period. Example: Intervention may have only a temporary effect if the underlying conditions remain unchanged.

Comprehension Questions

  1. What happened to the yen after the coordinated intervention?
    1. It weakened from 155 to nearly 164 per dollar.
    2. It strengthened from nearly 164 to around 155 per dollar.
    3. It stopped being traded internationally.
    4. It remained completely unchanged.

    協調介入の後、円はどうなりましたか?

  2. How does a government directly support the yen through intervention?
    1. By buying dollars and selling yen
    2. By lowering all consumer prices
    3. By buying yen and selling another currency
    4. By preventing tourists from exchanging money

    政府は介入を通じて円を直接どう支えますか?

  3. Why was US participation particularly significant?
    1. The United States regularly controls Japan’s exchange rate.
    2. It was the first coordinated intervention by the two countries since 2011.
    3. The United States had never purchased yen before.
    4. Japan was legally unable to intervene alone.

    アメリカの参加が特に重要だったのはなぜですか?

  4. Why may the United States have sold euros rather than dollars?
    1. To support the yen without clearly encouraging a broad decline in the dollar
    2. To remove the euro from international markets
    3. To increase Japanese exports to Europe
    4. To replace the dollar with the yen as a global currency

    アメリカがドルではなくユーロを売った可能性があるのはなぜですか?

  5. Why might the effect of intervention be temporary?
    1. Governments are not allowed to purchase currencies more than once.
    2. The exchange rate is determined only by tourists.
    3. Traders always ignore government action.
    4. The underlying economic forces weakening the yen may remain unchanged.

    介入の効果が一時的でありうるのはなぜですか?

Discussion Questions

  1. When should a government intervene in the currency market?

    政府はいつ為替市場に介入すべきですか?

  2. Is it appropriate for one country to help support another country’s currency? Why or why not?

    一国が他国の通貨を支えるのを助けることは適切ですか?それはなぜ/なぜそうではないですか?

  3. Which is more important: allowing markets to determine exchange rates freely or preventing sudden and disorderly movements?

    市場に為替レートを自由に決めさせることと、突然の無秩序な動きを防ぐことと、どちらがより重要ですか?

  4. Who benefits from a weak yen, and who is harmed by it?

    円安から利益を得るのは誰で、害を受けるのは誰ですか?

  5. How does a changing exchange rate affect your own life or the Japanese economy around you?

    変化する為替レートは、あなたの生活や周囲の日本経済にどう影響しますか?

Speaking Task

  1. Speak for about one minute about the recent US-Japan intervention. Include: what happened to the yen before the intervention; what Japan and the United States bought and sold; why buying yen can increase its value; why the United States joined the operation; and why the effect may not last permanently.

    最近の日米介入について約1分間話してください。介入前に円がどうなったか、日本とアメリカが何を買い何を売ったか、円を買うとその価値が上がりうる理由、アメリカが作戦に加わった理由、効果が永続しないかもしれない理由を含めてください。