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Why Can’t Intervention Fix the Weak Yen?

Day 2

なぜ介入では円安を直せないのか

Japanese yen notes beside a USD/JPY exchange rate chart

Japan and the United States recently bought yen together, causing the currency to rise sharply from its four-decade low. However, previous interventions have often produced only temporary gains. To understand why, it is necessary to look beyond the intervention itself and examine how an exchange rate is formed.

日本とアメリカは最近、一緒に円を買い、通貨は約40年ぶりの安値から急上昇しました。しかし、これまでの介入はしばしば一時的な上昇しかもたらしませんでした。その理由を理解するには、介入そのものを超えて、為替レートがどのように形成されるかを調べる必要があります。

An exchange rate is the price of one currency measured in another. Like other prices, it is affected by supply and demand. When more investors want to buy yen, its value tends to rise. When they sell yen to obtain dollars or other currencies, its value tends to fall. In the dollar-yen market, a rise from 150 to 160 yen per dollar therefore means that the yen has weakened: one dollar can now purchase more yen.

為替レートとは、ある通貨を別の通貨で測った価格です。他の価格と同じく、需要と供給の影響を受けます。より多くの投資家が円を買いたいとき、その価値は上がりやすくなります。ドルや他の通貨を得るために円を売ると、その価値は下がりやすくなります。したがってドル円市場で1ドル150円から160円へ上がることは、円が弱くなったことを意味します。1ドルでより多くの円を買えるようになったからです。

One major influence is the interest-rate differential between two countries. Investors generally prefer assets that offer a higher yield, provided they believe the risks are manageable. When American bonds and deposits pay more interest than comparable Japanese assets, global investors have a financial reason to hold dollars rather than yen.

大きな影響の一つは、二国間の金利差です。投資家は一般に、リスクが管理可能だと信じる限り、より高い利回りを提供する資産を好みます。アメリカの債券や預金が、同種の日本の資産より高い金利を支払うとき、世界の投資家には円ではなくドルを保有する金融上の理由があります。

At the end of July 2026, the Bank of Japan maintained its main short-term policy rate at around 1.0 percent, while the US Federal Reserve kept its target range at 3.5 to 3.75 percent. This gap encourages a capital flow toward dollar assets. Investors exchange yen for dollars, increasing demand for the dollar and adding downward pressure on the Japanese currency.

2026年7月末、日本銀行は主要な短期政策金利を約1.0パーセントに維持する一方、米連邦準備制度は目標レンジを3.5〜3.75パーセントに保ちました。この差はドル資産への資本フローを促します。投資家は円をドルに換え、ドル需要を増やし、日本円への下落圧力を加えます。

Some investors go further through the carry trade. They borrow in a currency with relatively low interest rates, such as the yen, and invest the money in a currency offering higher returns. The strategy can be profitable while exchange rates remain stable. However, it can also strengthen the selling pressure on the low-interest currency. If the yen suddenly rises, these traders may rapidly close their positions, causing an equally sudden movement in the opposite direction.

一部の投資家はキャリートレードによってさらに進みます。彼らは円のような比較的低金利の通貨で借り入れ、より高いリターンを提供する通貨にその資金を投資します。為替レートが安定している間、この戦略は利益を生むことがあります。しかし、低金利通貨への売り圧力を強めることもあります。円が突然上昇すれば、これらのトレーダーは急速にポジションを閉じ、反対方向へ同様に突然の動きを引き起こすことがあります。

The Bank of Japan could try to reduce the interest-rate gap through faster monetary tightening. Higher Japanese rates could make yen-denominated assets more attractive and increase demand for the currency. But raising rates also makes borrowing more expensive for households, companies, and the government. If the domestic economy is already weak, aggressive rate increases could reduce investment and consumption. Currency policy therefore involves a difficult trade-off: supporting the yen may also slow the economy.

日本銀行は、より速い金融引き締めによって金利差を縮めようと試みることができます。日本の金利が上がれば、円建て資産がより魅力的になり、通貨への需要が増える可能性があります。しかし金利を上げると、家計、企業、政府の借り入れも高くなります。国内経済がすでに弱い場合、積極的な利上げは投資と消費を減らす可能性があります。したがって通貨政策には難しいトレードオフが伴います。円を支えることが経済を減速させる場合もあるのです。

Interest rates are not the only force involved. Japan imports much of its energy, so higher oil prices increase the amount of foreign currency that Japanese importers need. They may sell more yen to pay for oil in dollars, weakening the currency and contributing to imported inflation. Government spending, public debt, trade flows, and market expectations about future policies can also influence whether investors feel confident holding yen. The earlier MyTutor article on the weak yen explained that the currency creates both winners and losers and reflects several economic pressures at the same time.

関わる力は金利だけではありません。日本はエネルギーの多くを輸入するため、原油価格の上昇は日本の輸入業者が必要とする外貨の量を増やします。彼らはドル建ての石油代を払うために円をより多く売り、通貨を弱め、輸入インフレの一因となることがあります。政府支出、公的債務、貿易フロー、将来の政策に関する市場の期待も、投資家が円保有に自信を感じるかどうかに影響しえます。以前のMyTutorの円安記事が説明したように、通貨は勝ち組と負け組の両方を生み出し、同時にいくつかの経済的圧力を反映します。

Intervention can temporarily increase demand for yen and warn traders against pushing the currency down too quickly. It may be especially powerful when several governments act together. Yet it does not automatically change the underlying fundamentals. If US interest rates remain considerably higher, investors continue seeking dollar returns, and Japan’s economic risks remain unresolved, selling pressure may return. Intervention can slow the movement, but reversing the trend usually requires broader changes in monetary policy, economic conditions, and investor confidence.

介入は一時的に円需要を増やし、通貨をあまり速く押し下げないようトレーダーに警告することができます。複数の政府が一緒に行動するとき、特に強力でありえます。しかし、基礎的なファンダメンタルズを自動的に変えるわけではありません。米国金利がかなり高いままなら、投資家はドルのリターンを求め続け、日本の経済リスクが未解決のままなら、売り圧力は戻ってくるかもしれません。介入は動きを遅らせることはできますが、トレンドを逆転させるには通常、金融政策、経済状況、投資家の信頼におけるより広い変化が必要です。

Vocabulary

  1. exchange rate — the value of one currency when it is measured against another currency. Example: The exchange rate changed from 150 yen to 158 yen per dollar.
  2. interest-rate differential — the difference between the interest rates of two countries or financial assets. Example: A wide interest-rate differential made US assets more attractive to investors.
  3. yield — the income or return earned from an investment. Example: Investors bought the bonds because they offered a higher yield.
  4. capital flow — the movement of money between countries for investment or business purposes. Example: Higher US interest rates encouraged a capital flow from Japan to the United States.
  5. carry trade — a strategy of borrowing in a low-interest currency and investing in a currency with higher returns. Example: The investor used a carry trade by borrowing yen and purchasing American bonds.
  6. monetary tightening — action by a central bank to raise interest rates or reduce the amount of money in the economy. Example: Monetary tightening may support a currency, but it can also slow economic growth.
  7. imported inflation — price increases caused by a rise in the cost of goods and materials purchased from abroad. Example: A weaker currency can create imported inflation by making fuel and food more expensive.
  8. market expectation — a belief among investors about what is likely to happen in the economy or financial markets. Example: The currency moved before the announcement because market expectations had already changed.
  9. underlying fundamentals — the basic economic conditions that influence a market over the longer term. Example: A temporary intervention cannot permanently overcome weak underlying fundamentals.

Comprehension Questions

  1. What does a rise from 150 to 160 yen per dollar mean?
    1. The yen has strengthened because its number is higher.
    2. The dollar has weakened against every currency.
    3. The yen has weakened because one dollar can buy more yen.
    4. Japan has raised its interest rates.

    1ドル150円から160円への上昇は何を意味しますか?

  2. Why can higher US interest rates weaken the yen?
    1. They make dollar assets more attractive to investors.
    2. They prevent Japanese companies from exporting goods.
    3. They reduce the total amount of dollars in existence.
    4. They require the Japanese government to print more yen.

    高い米国金利が円を弱めうるのはなぜですか?

  3. How does the carry trade work?
    1. Investors buy only currencies that are falling.
    2. Investors borrow in a low-interest currency and invest where returns are higher.
    3. Governments exchange currencies without using financial markets.
    4. Companies borrow money only to pay for imports.

    キャリートレードはどのように機能しますか?

  4. Why might the Bank of Japan hesitate to raise rates rapidly?
    1. Higher rates would always weaken the yen.
    2. Japan is not permitted to change its policy rate.
    3. Higher borrowing costs could slow the domestic economy.
    4. Interest rates have no connection with exchange rates.

    日本銀行が急速に金利を上げることをためらうかもしれないのはなぜですか?

  5. Why may intervention fail to reverse the yen’s longer-term direction?
    1. Currency intervention is illegal in most countries.
    2. The economic forces encouraging investors to sell yen may remain unchanged.
    3. Governments can purchase yen only once each year.
    4. Oil prices are the only factor affecting currencies.

    介入が円の長期的な方向を逆転させるのに失敗しうるのはなぜですか?

Discussion Questions

  1. Should the Bank of Japan raise interest rates more quickly to support the yen? Why or why not?

    日本銀行は円を支えるためにより速く金利を上げるべきですか?それはなぜ/なぜそうではないですか?

  2. Is a weak currency necessarily harmful to a country?

    弱い通貨は必ずしも国にとって有害ですか?

  3. Should governments try to influence exchange rates, or should currencies be left entirely to the market?

    政府は為替レートに影響を与えようとすべきですか、それとも通貨は完全に市場に任せるべきですか?

  4. Which has a stronger effect on currencies: present economic conditions or expectations about the future?

    通貨により強い影響を与えるのは、現在の経済状況ですか、それとも将来への期待ですか?

  5. How would a stronger yen affect Japanese households, businesses, tourists, and students studying abroad?

    より強い円は、日本の家計、企業、観光客、海外留学する学生にどう影響するでしょうか?

Speaking Task

  1. Speak for about one minute explaining why the yen tends to weaken and why intervention may not solve the problem permanently. Include: how supply and demand affect exchange rates; the interest-rate differential between Japan and the United States; why investors may sell yen and buy dollars; how the carry trade works; and why intervention may have only a temporary effect.

    円が弱くなりやすい理由と、介入が問題を永続的に解決しないかもしれない理由を約1分間説明してください。需要と供給が為替レートにどう影響するか、日米の金利差、投資家が円を売ってドルを買う理由、キャリートレードの仕組み、介入が一時的な効果しかもたらさないかもしれない理由を含めてください。